ImageMagick – Connected Components Labeling
Author: ImageMagick Studio LLC
Description: ImageMagick is a powerful, open-source software suite for creating, editing, converting, and manipulating images in over 200 formats. Ideal for web developers, graphic designers, and researchers, it offers versatile tools for image processing, including batch processing, format conversion, and complex image transformations.
Keywords: Connected Components Labeling, Image Processing, Digital Image Editing, Image Conversion, Open-Source Software, Image Manipulation, Command-Line Image Tools

# Uniquely Label Connected Regions

Connected-component labeling (alternatively connected-component analysis, blob extraction, region labeling, blob discovery, or region extraction) uniquely labels connected components in an image. The labeling process scans the image, pixel-by-pixel from top-left to bottom-right, in order to identify connected pixel regions, i.e. regions of adjacent pixels which share the same set of intensity values. For example, let's find the objects in this image:

To identify the objects in this image, use this command:

    convert objects.gif -connected-components 4 -auto-level -depth 8 objects.png

The detected objects are uniquely labeled. Use auto leveling to visualize the detected objects:

Object statistics is useful to review. To display them, use this command:

    convert objects.gif -define connected-components:verbose=true -connected-components 4 objects.png

Five objects were detected in the source image with these statistics:

    Objects (id: bounding-box centroid area mean-color):
      0: 256x171+0+0 119.2,80.8 33117 srgb(0,0,0)
      2: 120x135+104+18 159.5,106.5 8690 srgb(255,255,255)
      3: 50x36+129+44 154.2,63.4 1529 srgb(0,0,0)
      4: 21x23+0+45 8.8,55.9 409 srgb(255,255,255)
      1: 4x10+252+0 253.9,4.1 31 srgb(255,255,255)

Add `-define connected-components:exclude-header=true` to show the objects without the header-line.

Use `-connected-components 8` to visit 8 neighbors rather than 4. By default, neighbor colors must be exact to be part of a unique object. Use the -fuzz option to include pixels as part of an object that are close in color.

You might want to eliminate small objects by merging them with their larger neighbors. If so, use this command:

    convert objects.gif -define connected-components:area-threshold=410 -connected-components 4 \
      -auto-level objects.jpg

Here are the expected results. Notice, how the small objects are now merged with the background.

Notice how two of the objects were merged leaving three remaining objects:

    Objects (id: bounding-box centroid area mean-color):
      0: 256x171+0+0 118.0,80.4 33557 srgb(0,0,0)
      2: 120x135+104+18 159.5,106.5 8690 srgb(255,255,255)
      3: 50x36+129+44 154.2,63.4 1529 srgb(0,0,0)

Area thresholding does not always work if objects are stacked on top of one-another. We're seeking a robust algorithm to tackle this use case.

By default, the labeled image is grayscale. You can instead replace the object color in the labeled image with the mean-color from the source image. Simply add this setting, `-define connected-components:mean-color=true`, to your command line.

Thresholds can optionally include ranges, e.g. `-define connected-components:area-threshold=410-1600`. To keep the background object, identify it with `-define connected-components:background-id=object-id`. The default background object is the object with the largest area.

You may want to remove certain objects. Use `-define connected-components:remove-ids=list-of-ids` (e.g. -define connected-components:remove-ids=2,4-5). Or use `-define connected-components:keep-ids=list-of-ids` to keep these objects and merge all others. For convenience, you can keep the top objects with this option: `-define connected-components:keep-top=number-of-objects`

Objects in your image may look homogeneous but have slightly different color values. By default, only pixels that match exactly are considered as part of a particular object. For slight variations of color in an object, use `-fuzz`. For example,

    convert star-map.png -fuzz 5% -define connected-components:verbose=true \
      -define connected-components:mean-color=true -connected-components 4 stars.gif

#### Connected Components

The algorithm walks through the pixels of a component, in the usual row-column order, looking for a component above or to the left. For the component at top-left, there are no components above or to the left to merge into. As a result, there are special cases where you need to rotate, repeat the connected components, then rotate back. For example

     magick  \
      objects.gif  \
      -define connected-components:verbose=true \
      -define connected-components:area-threshold=6000 \
      -virtual-pixel None \
      -connected-components 4 -rotate 180 \
      -connected-components 4 -rotate -180 \
      objects.png