Making your keyboard dance - kitty
Description: kitty has extremely powerful facilities for mapping keyboard actions. Things like combining actions, multi-key mappings, modal mappings, mappings that send arbitrary text, and mappings dependent on...

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# Making your keyboard dance

kitty has extremely powerful facilities for mapping keyboard actions. Things like combining actions, multi-key mappings, modal mappings, mappings that send arbitrary text, and mappings dependent on the program currently running in kitty.

Let’s start with the basics. You can map a key press to an action in kitty using the following syntax:

    map ctrl+a new_window_with_cwd

This will map the key press `Ctrl`+`a` to open a new window with the working directory set to the working directory of the current window. This is the basic operation of the map directive, the tip of the iceberg, for more read the sections below.

## Combining multiple actions on a single keypress

Multiple actions can be combined on a single keypress, like a macro. To do this map the key press to the `combine` action:

    map key combine <separator> action1 <separator> action2 <separator> action3 ...

For example:

    map kitty_mod+e combine : new_window : next_layout

This will create a new window and switch to the next available layout. You can also run arbitrarily powerful scripts on a key press. There are two major techniques for doing this, using remote control scripts or using kittens.

### Remote control scripts

These can be written in any language and use the “kitten” binary to control kitty via its extensive Remote control API. First, if you just want to run a single remote control command on a key press, you can just do:

    map f1 remote_control set-spacing margin=30

This will run the `set-spacing` command, changing window margins to 30 pixels. For more complex scripts, write a script file in any language you like and save it somewhere, preferably in the kitty configuration directory. Do not forget to make it executable. In the script file you run remote control commands by running the “kitten” binary, for example:

    #!/bin/sh

    kitten @ set-spacing margin=30
    kitten @ new_window
    ...

The script can perform arbitrarily complex logic and actions, limited only by the remote control API, that you can browse by running `kitten @ --help`. To run the script you created on a key press, use:

    map f1 remote_control_script /path/to/myscript

### Kittens

Here, kittens refer to Python scripts. The scripts have two parts, one that runs as a regular command line program inside a kitty window to, for example, ask the user for some input and a second part that runs inside the kitty process itself and can perform any operation on the kitty UI, which is itself implemented in Python. However, the kitty internal API is not documented and can (very rarely) change, so kittens are harder to get started with than remote control scripts. To run a kitten on a key press:

    map f1 kitten mykitten.py

Many of kitty’s features are themselves implemented as kittens, for example, Unicode input, Hints and Changing kitty colors. To learn about writing your own kittens, see Custom kittens.

## Syntax for specifying keys

A mapping maps a key press to some action. In their most basic form, keypresses are `modifier+key`. Keys are identified simply by their lowercase Unicode characters. For example: `a` for the `A` key, `[` for the left square bracket key, etc. For functional keys, such as `Enter` or `Escape`, the names are present at Functional key definitions. For modifier keys, the names are `ctrl` (`control`, `⌃`), `shift` (`⇧`), `alt` (`opt`, `option`, `⌥`), `super` (`cmd`, `command`, `⌘`).

Additionally, you can use the name `kitty_mod` as a modifier, the default value of which is `ctrl`+`shift`. The default kitty shortcuts are defined using this value, so by changing it in `kitty.conf` you can change all the modifiers used by all the default shortcuts.

On Linux, you can also use XKB names for functional keys that don’t have kitty names. See XKB keys for a list of key names. The name to use is the part after the `XKB_KEY_` prefix. Note that you can only use an XKB key name for keys that are not known as kitty keys.

Finally, you can use raw system key codes to map keys, again only for keys that are not known as kitty keys. To see the system key code for a key, start kitty with the `kitty --debug-input` option, kitty will output some debug text for every key event. In that text look for `native_code`, the value of that becomes the key name in the shortcut. For example:

    on_key_input: glfw key: 0x61 native_code: 0x61 action: PRESS mods: none text: 'a'

Here, the key name for the `A` key is `0x61` and you can use it with:

    map ctrl+0x61 something

This maps `Ctrl`+`A` to something.

## Multi-key mappings

A mapping in kitty can involve pressing multiple keys in sequence, with the syntax shown below:

    map key1>key2>key3 action

For example:

    map ctrl+f>2 set_font_size 20

The default mappings to run the hints kitten to select text on the screen are examples of multi-key mappings.

## Unmapping default shortcuts

kitty comes with dozens of default keyboard mappings for common operations. See Mappable actions for the full list of actions and the default shortcuts that map to them. You can unmap an individual shortcut, so that it is passed on to the program running inside kitty, by mapping it to nothing, for example:

    map kitty_mod+enter

This unmaps the default shortcut `ctrl+shift+enter` to open a new window. Almost all default shortcuts are of the form `modifier + key` where the modifier defaults to `Ctrl`+`Shift` and can be changed using the `kitty_mod` setting in `kitty.conf`.

If you want to clear all default shortcuts, you can use `clear_all_shortcuts` in `kitty.conf`.

If you would like kitty to completely ignore a key event, not even sending it to the program running in the terminal, map it to `discard_event`:

    map kitty_mod+f1 discard_event

## Configuring a timeout

You can also set a timeout for keyboard modes and multi-key mappings. If a timeout is set and you don’t complete the key sequence or exit the mode within the specified time, the mode will be automatically cancelled. This is useful for multi-key mappings where you might accidentally press the first key and then change your mind. The timeout is specified in seconds and can be set globally using the `map_timeout` option or per-mode using `--timeout`:

    # Set a global 2 second timeout for all multi-key and modal mappings
    map_timeout 2.0

    # This mode will have a 5 second timeout (overrides global setting)
    map --new-mode resize --timeout 5.0 kitty_mod+r
    map --mode resize h resize_window narrower
    map --mode resize l resize_window wider
    # ... more mappings

    # Multi-key mapping with the global timeout
    map ctrl+a>h new_window

When a timeout occurs, the mode is exited and any buffered keys are discarded. A timeout value of zero disables the timeout. For multi-key sequences, the timeout is restarted after each valid key press in the sequence.

## Conditional mappings depending on the state of the focused window

Sometimes, you may want different mappings to be active when running a particular program in kitty, perhaps because it has some native functionality that duplicates kitty functions or there is a conflict, etc. kitty has the ability to create mappings that work only when the currently focused window matches some criteria, such as when it has a particular title or user variable.

Let’s see some examples:

    map --when-focus-on title:keyboard.protocol kitty_mod+t

This will cause `kitty_mod`+`t` (the default shortcut for opening a new tab) to be unmapped only when the focused window has `keyboard protocol` in its title. Run the show-key kitten as:

    kitten show-key -m kitty

Press `ctrl`+`shift`+`t` and instead of a new tab opening, you will see the key press being reported by the kitten. `--when-focus-on` can test the focused window using very powerful criteria, see Matching windows and tabs for details. A more practical example unmaps the key when the focused window is running an editor:

    map --when-focus-on var:in_editor kitty_mod+c

In order to make this work, you need to configure your editor as shown below:

vim

In `~/.vimrc` add:

      let &t_ti = &t_ti . "\033]1337;SetUserVar=in_editor=MQ==\007"
      let &t_te = &t_te . "\033]1337;SetUserVar=in_editor\007"

neovim

In `~/.config/nvim/init.lua` add:

>     vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd({ "VimEnter", "VimResume", "UIEnter" }, {
>         group = vim.api.nvim_create_augroup("KittySetVarVimEnter", { clear = true }),
>         callback = function()
>             if vim.api.nvim_ui_send then
>                 vim.api.nvim_ui_send("\x1b]1337;SetUserVar=in_editor=MQ==\007")
>             else
>                 io.stdout:write("\x1b]1337;SetUserVar=in_editor=MQ==\007")
>             end
>         end,
>     })

>     vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd({ "VimLeave", "VimSuspend" }, {
>         group = vim.api.nvim_create_augroup("KittyUnsetVarVimLeave", { clear = true }),
>         callback = function()
>             if vim.api.nvim_ui_send then
>                 vim.api.nvim_ui_send("\x1b]1337;SetUserVar=in_editor\007")
>             else
>                 io.stdout:write("\x1b]1337;SetUserVar=in_editor\007")
>             end
>         end,
>     })

These cause the editor to set the `in_editor` variable in kitty and unset it when exiting. As a result, the `ctrl`+`shift`+`c` key will be passed to the editor instead of copying to clipboard. In the editor, you can map it to copy to the clipboard, thereby allowing use of a common shortcut both inside and outside the editor for copying to clipboard.

Note

When using multi-key mappings, of the form `k1>k2` or similar, the condition applies to the first key and you can have only one condition per key, the last in kitty.conf wins. In particular, this means you cannot have multiple conditions applying to multi-key mappings with the same first key and you cannot have mappings with and without conditions applying to multi-keys with the same first key.

## Sending arbitrary text or keys to the program running in kitty

This is accomplished by using `map` with `send_text` in `kitty.conf`. For example:

    map f1 send_text normal,application Hello, world!

Now, pressing `f1` will cause `Hello, world!` to show up at your shell prompt. To have the shell execute a command sent via `send_text` you need to also simulate pressing the enter key which is `\r`. For example:

    map f1 send_text normal,application echo Hello, world!\r

Now, if you press `f1` when at shell prompt it will run the `echo Hello, world!` command.

To have one key press send another key press, use `send_key`:

    map alt+s send_key ctrl+s

This causes the program running in kitty to receive the `ctrl`+`s` key when you press the `alt`+`s` key. To see this in action, run:

    kitten show-key -m kitty

Which will print out what key events it receives.

## Modal mappings

kitty has the ability, like vim, to use modal key maps. Except that unlike vim it allows you to define your own arbitrary number of modes. To create a new mode, use `map --new-mode <my mode name> <shortcut to enter mode>`. For example, lets create a mode to manage windows: switching focus, moving the window, etc.:

    # Create a new "manage windows" mode (mw)
    map --new-mode mw kitty_mod+f7

    # Switch focus to the neighboring window in the indicated direction using arrow keys
    map --mode mw left neighboring_window left
    map --mode mw right neighboring_window right
    map --mode mw up neighboring_window up
    map --mode mw down neighboring_window down

    # Move the active window in the indicated direction
    map --mode mw shift+up move_window up
    map --mode mw shift+left move_window left
    map --mode mw shift+right move_window right
    map --mode mw shift+down move_window down

    # Resize the active window
    map --mode mw n resize_window narrower
    map --mode mw w resize_window wider
    map --mode mw t resize_window taller
    map --mode mw s resize_window shorter

    # Exit the manage window mode
    map --mode mw esc pop_keyboard_mode

Now, if you run kitty as:

    kitty -o enabled_layouts=vertical --session <(echo "launch\nlaunch\nlaunch")

Press `Ctrl`+`Shift`+`F7` to enter the mode and then press the up and down arrow keys to focus the next/previous window. Press `Shift`+`Up` or `Shift`+`Down` to move the active window up and down. Press `t` to make the active window taller and `s` to make it shorter. To exit the mode press `Esc`.

Pressing an unknown key while in a custom keyboard mode by default beeps. This can be controlled by the `map --on-unknown` option as shown below:

    # Beep on unknown keys
    map --new-mode XXX --on-unknown beep ...
    # Ignore unknown keys silently
    map --new-mode XXX --on-unknown ignore ...
    # Beep and exit the keyboard mode on unknown key
    map --new-mode XXX --on-unknown end ...
    # Pass unknown keys to the program running in the active window
    map --new-mode XXX --on-unknown passthrough ...

When a key matches an action in a custom keyboard mode, the action is performed and the custom keyboard mode remains in effect. If you would rather have the keyboard mode end after the action you can use `map --on-action` as shown below:

    # Have this keyboard mode automatically exit after performing any action
    map --new-mode XXX --on-action end ...

## All mappable actions

There is a list of all mappable actions.

## Debugging mapping issues

To debug mapping issues, kitty has several facilities. First, when you run kitty with the `--debug-input` command line flag it outputs details about all key events it receives form the system and how they are handled.

To see what key events are sent to applications, run kitty like this:

    kitty kitten show-key

Press the keys you want to debug and the kitten will print out the bytes it receives. Note that this uses the legacy terminal keyboard protocol that does not support all keys and key events. To debug the full kitty keyboard protocol that that is nowadays being adopted by more and more programs, use:

    kitty kitten show-key -m kitty