// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// 
// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
// 
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
// 
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------


//! \addtogroup Cube
//! @{


template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::~Cube()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  delete_mat();
  
  if( (mem_state == 0) && (n_alloc > 0) )
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::destructor: releasing memory");
    memory::release( access::rw(mem) );
    }
  
  // try to expose buggy user code that accesses deleted objects
  if(arma_config::debug)  { access::rw(mem) = nullptr; }
  
  arma_type_check(( is_supported_elem_type<eT>::value == false ));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube()
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  }



//! construct the cube to have user specified dimensions
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uword in_n_slices)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_slices(in_n_slices)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols*in_n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(arma_config::zero_init)
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::constructor: zeroing memory");
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const SizeCube& s)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_slices(s.n_slices)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols*s.n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(arma_config::zero_init)
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::constructor: zeroing memory");
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
    }
  }



//! internal use only
template<typename eT>
template<bool do_zeros>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uword in_n_slices, const arma_initmode_indicator<do_zeros>&)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_slices(in_n_slices)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols*in_n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(do_zeros)
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::constructor: zeroing memory");
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
    }
  }



//! internal use only
template<typename eT>
template<bool do_zeros>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const SizeCube& s, const arma_initmode_indicator<do_zeros>&)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_slices(s.n_slices)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols*s.n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(do_zeros)
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::constructor: zeroing memory");
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
    }
  }



//! construct the cube to have user specified dimensions and fill with specified pattern
template<typename eT>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uword in_n_slices, const fill::fill_class<fill_type>&)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_slices(in_n_slices)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols*in_n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_zeros>::yes)  { (*this).zeros(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_ones >::yes)  { (*this).ones();  }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randu>::yes)  { (*this).randu(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randn>::yes)  { (*this).randn(); }
  
  arma_static_check( (is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_eye>::yes), "Cube::Cube(): unsupported fill type" );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const SizeCube& s, const fill::fill_class<fill_type>&)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_slices(s.n_slices)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols*s.n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_zeros>::yes)  { (*this).zeros(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_ones >::yes)  { (*this).ones();  }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randu>::yes)  { (*this).randu(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randn>::yes)  { (*this).randn(); }
  
  arma_static_check( (is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_eye>::yes), "Cube::Cube(): unsupported fill type" );
  }



//! construct the cube to have user specified dimensions and fill with specified value
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uword in_n_slices, const fill::scalar_holder<eT> f)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_slices(in_n_slices)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols*in_n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  (*this).fill(f.scalar);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const SizeCube& s, const fill::scalar_holder<eT> f)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_slices(s.n_slices)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols*s.n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  (*this).fill(f.scalar);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(Cube<eT>&& in_cube)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this = %x   in_cube = %x") % this % &in_cube);
  
  (*this).steal_mem(in_cube, true);
  }
  


template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(Cube<eT>&& in_cube)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this = %x   in_cube = %x") % this % &in_cube);
  
  (*this).steal_mem(in_cube, true);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::init_cold()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint( arma_str::format("n_rows = %u, n_cols = %u, n_slices = %u") % n_rows % n_cols % n_slices );
  
  #if defined(ARMA_64BIT_WORD)
    const char* error_message = "Cube::init(): requested size is too large";
  #else
    const char* error_message = "Cube::init(): requested size is too large; suggest to enable ARMA_64BIT_WORD";
  #endif
  
  arma_debug_check
    (
      (
      ( (n_rows > 0x0FFF) || (n_cols > 0x0FFF) || (n_slices > 0xFF) )
        ? ( (double(n_rows) * double(n_cols) * double(n_slices)) > double(ARMA_MAX_UWORD) )
        : false
      ),
    error_message
    );
  
  
  if(n_elem <= Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem)
    {
    if(n_elem > 0)  { arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): using local memory"); }
    
    access::rw(mem)     = (n_elem == 0) ? nullptr : mem_local;
    access::rw(n_alloc) = 0;
    }
  else
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): acquiring memory");
    
    access::rw(mem)     = memory::acquire<eT>(n_elem);
    access::rw(n_alloc) = n_elem;
    }
  
  create_mat();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::init_warm(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uword in_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint( arma_str::format("in_n_rows = %u, in_n_cols = %u, in_n_slices = %u") % in_n_rows % in_n_cols % in_n_slices );
  
  if( (n_rows == in_n_rows) && (n_cols == in_n_cols) && (n_slices == in_n_slices) )  { return; }
  
  const uword t_mem_state = mem_state;
  
  bool  err_state = false;
  char* err_msg   = nullptr;
  
  const char* error_message_1 = "Cube::init(): size is fixed and hence cannot be changed";
  
  arma_debug_set_error( err_state, err_msg, (t_mem_state == 3), error_message_1 );
  
  #if defined(ARMA_64BIT_WORD)
    const char* error_message_2 = "Cube::init(): requested size is too large";
  #else
    const char* error_message_2 = "Cube::init(): requested size is too large; suggest to enable ARMA_64BIT_WORD";
  #endif
  
  arma_debug_set_error
    (
    err_state,
    err_msg,
      (
      ( (in_n_rows > 0x0FFF) || (in_n_cols > 0x0FFF) || (in_n_slices > 0xFF) )
        ? ( (double(in_n_rows) * double(in_n_cols) * double(in_n_slices)) > double(ARMA_MAX_UWORD) )
        : false
      ),
    error_message_2
    );
  
  arma_debug_check(err_state, err_msg);
  
  const uword old_n_elem = n_elem;
  const uword new_n_elem = in_n_rows * in_n_cols * in_n_slices;
  
  if(old_n_elem == new_n_elem)
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): reusing memory");
    
    delete_mat();
    
    access::rw(n_rows)       = in_n_rows;
    access::rw(n_cols)       = in_n_cols;
    access::rw(n_elem_slice) = in_n_rows*in_n_cols;
    access::rw(n_slices)     = in_n_slices;
    
    create_mat();
    
    return;
    }
  
  arma_debug_check( (t_mem_state == 2), "Cube::init(): mismatch between size of auxiliary memory and requested size" );
  
  delete_mat();
  
  if(new_n_elem <= Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem)
    {
    if(n_alloc > 0)
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): releasing memory");
      memory::release( access::rw(mem) );
      }
    
    if(new_n_elem > 0)  { arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): using local memory"); }
    
    access::rw(mem)     = (new_n_elem == 0) ? nullptr : mem_local;
    access::rw(n_alloc) = 0;
    }
  else  // condition: new_n_elem > Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem
    {
    if(new_n_elem > n_alloc)
      {
      if(n_alloc > 0)
        {
        arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): releasing memory");
        memory::release( access::rw(mem) );
        
        // in case memory::acquire() throws an exception
        access::rw(mem)          = nullptr;
        access::rw(n_rows)       = 0;
        access::rw(n_cols)       = 0;
        access::rw(n_elem_slice) = 0;
        access::rw(n_slices)     = 0;
        access::rw(n_elem)       = 0;
        access::rw(n_alloc)      = 0;
        }
      
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): acquiring memory");
      access::rw(mem)     = memory::acquire<eT>(new_n_elem);
      access::rw(n_alloc) = new_n_elem;
      }
    else  // condition: new_n_elem <= n_alloc
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::init(): reusing memory");
      }
    }
  
  access::rw(n_rows)       = in_n_rows;
  access::rw(n_cols)       = in_n_cols;
  access::rw(n_elem_slice) = in_n_rows*in_n_cols;
  access::rw(n_slices)     = in_n_slices;
  access::rw(n_elem)       = new_n_elem;
  access::rw(mem_state)    = 0;
  
  create_mat();
  }



//! for constructing a complex cube out of two non-complex cubes
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::init
  (
  const BaseCube<typename Cube<eT>::pod_type,T1>& X,
  const BaseCube<typename Cube<eT>::pod_type,T2>& Y
  )
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  typedef typename T1::elem_type T;
  
  arma_type_check(( is_cx<eT>::no  ));   //!< compile-time abort if eT is not std::complex
  arma_type_check(( is_cx< T>::yes ));   //!< compile-time abort if  T is     std::complex
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< std::complex<T>, eT >::no ));   //!< compile-time abort if types are not compatible
  
  const ProxyCube<T1> PX(X.get_ref());
  const ProxyCube<T2> PY(Y.get_ref());
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size(PX, PY, "Cube()");
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = PX.get_n_rows();
  const uword local_n_cols   = PX.get_n_cols();
  const uword local_n_slices = PX.get_n_slices();
  
  init_warm(local_n_rows, local_n_cols, local_n_slices);
  
  eT* out_mem = (*this).memptr();
  
  const bool use_at = ( ProxyCube<T1>::use_at || ProxyCube<T2>::use_at );
  
  if(use_at == false)
    {
    typedef typename ProxyCube<T1>::ea_type ea_type1;
    typedef typename ProxyCube<T2>::ea_type ea_type2;
    
    const uword N = n_elem;
    
    ea_type1 A = PX.get_ea();
    ea_type2 B = PY.get_ea();
        
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)
      {
      out_mem[i] = std::complex<T>(A[i], B[i]);
      }
    }
  else
    {
    for(uword uslice = 0; uslice < local_n_slices; ++uslice)
    for(uword ucol   = 0;   ucol < local_n_cols;   ++ucol  )
    for(uword urow   = 0;   urow < local_n_rows;   ++urow  )
      {
      *out_mem = std::complex<T>( PX.at(urow,ucol,uslice), PY.at(urow,ucol,uslice) );
      out_mem++;
      }
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::delete_mat()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if((n_slices > 0) && (mat_ptrs != nullptr))
    {
    for(uword s=0; s < n_slices; ++s)
      {
      raw_mat_ptr_type mat_ptr = raw_mat_ptr_type(mat_ptrs[s]);  // explicit cast to indicate load from std::atomic<Mat<eT>*>
      
      if(mat_ptr != nullptr)
        {
        arma_extra_debug_print( arma_str::format("Cube::delete_mat(): destroying matrix %u") % s );
        delete mat_ptr;
        mat_ptrs[s] = nullptr;
        }
      }
    
    if( (mem_state <= 2) && (n_slices > Cube_prealloc::mat_ptrs_size) )
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::delete_mat(): freeing mat_ptrs array");
      delete [] mat_ptrs;
      mat_ptrs = nullptr;
      }
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::create_mat()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_slices == 0)  { mat_ptrs = nullptr; return; }
  
  if(mem_state <= 2)
    {
    if(n_slices <= Cube_prealloc::mat_ptrs_size)
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::create_mat(): using local memory for mat_ptrs array");
      
      mat_ptrs = mat_ptrs_local;
      }
    else
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::create_mat(): allocating mat_ptrs array");
      
      mat_ptrs = new(std::nothrow) atomic_mat_ptr_type[n_slices];
      
      arma_check_bad_alloc( (mat_ptrs == nullptr), "Cube::create_mat(): out of memory" );
      }
    }
  
  for(uword s=0; s < n_slices; ++s)  { mat_ptrs[s] = nullptr; }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>*
Cube<eT>::create_mat_ptr(const uword in_slice) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_extra_debug_print( arma_str::format("Cube::create_mat_ptr(): creating matrix %u") % in_slice );
  
  const eT* mat_mem = (n_elem_slice > 0) ? slice_memptr(in_slice) : nullptr;
  
  Mat<eT>* mat_ptr = new(std::nothrow) Mat<eT>('j', mat_mem, n_rows, n_cols);
  
  return mat_ptr;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>*
Cube<eT>::get_mat_ptr(const uword in_slice) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  raw_mat_ptr_type mat_ptr = nullptr;
  
  #if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
    #pragma omp atomic read
    mat_ptr = mat_ptrs[in_slice];
    }
  #elif (!defined(ARMA_DONT_USE_STD_MUTEX))
    {
    mat_ptr = mat_ptrs[in_slice].load();
    }
  #else
    {
    mat_ptr = mat_ptrs[in_slice];
    }
  #endif
  
  if(mat_ptr == nullptr)
    {
    #if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
      {
      #pragma omp critical (arma_Cube_mat_ptrs)
        {
        #pragma omp atomic read
        mat_ptr = mat_ptrs[in_slice];
        
        if(mat_ptr == nullptr)  { mat_ptr = create_mat_ptr(in_slice); }
        
        #pragma omp atomic write
        mat_ptrs[in_slice] = mat_ptr;
        }
      }
    #elif (!defined(ARMA_DONT_USE_STD_MUTEX))
      {
      const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mat_mutex);
      
      mat_ptr = mat_ptrs[in_slice].load();
      
      if(mat_ptr == nullptr)  { mat_ptr = create_mat_ptr(in_slice); }
      
      mat_ptrs[in_slice].store(mat_ptr);
      }
    #else
      {
      mat_ptr = create_mat_ptr(in_slice);
      
      mat_ptrs[in_slice] = mat_ptr;
      }
    #endif
    
    arma_check_bad_alloc( (mat_ptr == nullptr), "Cube::get_mat_ptr(): out of memory" );
    }
  
  return mat_ptr;
  }



//! Set the cube to be equal to the specified scalar.
//! NOTE: the size of the cube will be 1x1x1
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(1,1,1);
  
  access::rw(mem[0]) = val;
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place addition of a scalar to all elements of the cube
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_plus( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place subtraction of a scalar from all elements of the cube
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_minus( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place multiplication of all elements of the cube with a scalar
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator*=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_mul( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place division of all elements of the cube with a scalar
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_div( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! construct a cube from a given cube
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const Cube<eT>& x)
  : n_rows(x.n_rows)
  , n_cols(x.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(x.n_elem_slice)
  , n_slices(x.n_slices)
  , n_elem(x.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this = %x   in_cube = %x") % this % &x);
  
  init_cold();
  
  arrayops::copy( memptr(), x.mem, n_elem );
  }



//! construct a cube from a given cube
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const Cube<eT>& x)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this = %x   in_cube = %x") % this % &x);
  
  if(this != &x)
    {
    init_warm(x.n_rows, x.n_cols, x.n_slices);
    
    arrayops::copy( memptr(), x.mem, n_elem );
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! construct a cube from a given auxiliary array of eTs.
//! if copy_aux_mem is true, new memory is allocated and the array is copied.
//! if copy_aux_mem is false, the auxiliary array is used directly (without allocating memory and copying).
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(eT* aux_mem, const uword aux_n_rows, const uword aux_n_cols, const uword aux_n_slices, const bool copy_aux_mem, const bool strict, const bool prealloc_mat)
  : n_rows      ( aux_n_rows                          )
  , n_cols      ( aux_n_cols                          )
  , n_elem_slice( aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols               )
  , n_slices    ( aux_n_slices                        )
  , n_elem      ( aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols*aux_n_slices  )
  , n_alloc     ( 0                                   )
  , mem_state   ( copy_aux_mem ? 0 : (strict ? 2 : 1) )
  , mem         ( copy_aux_mem ? nullptr : aux_mem    )
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_ignore(prealloc_mat);  // kept only for compatibility with old user code
  
  if(copy_aux_mem)
    {
    init_cold();
    
    arrayops::copy( memptr(), aux_mem, n_elem );
    }
  else
    {
    create_mat();
    }
  }



//! construct a cube from a given auxiliary read-only array of eTs.
//! the array is copied.
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const eT* aux_mem, const uword aux_n_rows, const uword aux_n_cols, const uword aux_n_slices)
  : n_rows(aux_n_rows)
  , n_cols(aux_n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols)
  , n_slices(aux_n_slices)
  , n_elem(aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols*aux_n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  arrayops::copy( memptr(), aux_mem, n_elem );
  }



//! in-place cube addition
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const Cube<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size(*this, m, "addition");
  
  arrayops::inplace_plus( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube subtraction
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const Cube<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size(*this, m, "subtraction");
  
  arrayops::inplace_minus( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise cube multiplication
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const Cube<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size(*this, m, "element-wise multiplication");
  
  arrayops::inplace_mul( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise cube division
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const Cube<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size(*this, m, "element-wise division");
  
  arrayops::inplace_div( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! for constructing a complex cube out of two non-complex cubes
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube
  (
  const BaseCube<typename Cube<eT>::pod_type,T1>& A,
  const BaseCube<typename Cube<eT>::pod_type,T2>& B
  )
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init(A,B);
  }



//! construct a cube from a subview_cube instance (eg. construct a cube from a delayed subcube operation)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(X.n_elem_slice)
  , n_slices(X.n_slices)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::extract(*this, X);
  }



//! construct a cube from a subview_cube instance (eg. construct a cube from a delayed subcube operation)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool alias = (this == &(X.m));
  
  if(alias == false)
    {
    init_warm(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, X.n_slices);
    
    subview_cube<eT>::extract(*this, X);
    }
  else
    {
    Cube<eT> tmp(X);
    
    steal_mem(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube addition (using a subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube subtraction (using a subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise cube mutiplication (using a subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise cube division (using a subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>::extract(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool alias = (this == &(X.m));
  
  if(alias == false)
    {
    subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>::extract(*this, X);
    }
  else
    {
    Cube<eT> tmp(X);
    
    steal_mem(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube_slices<eT,T1>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified row)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::row(const uword in_row)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (in_row >= n_rows), "Cube::row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (*this).rows(in_row, in_row);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified row)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::row(const uword in_row) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (in_row >= n_rows), "Cube::row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (*this).rows(in_row, in_row);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified column)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::col(const uword in_col)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (in_col >= n_cols), "Cube::col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (*this).cols(in_col, in_col);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified column)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::col(const uword in_col) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (in_col >= n_cols), "Cube::col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (*this).cols(in_col, in_col);
  }



//! provide the reference to the matrix representing a single slice
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Cube<eT>::slice(const uword in_slice)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (in_slice >= n_slices), "Cube::slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return *(get_mat_ptr(in_slice));
  }



//! provide the reference to the matrix representing a single slice
template<typename eT>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Cube<eT>::slice(const uword in_slice) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (in_slice >= n_slices), "Cube::slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return *(get_mat_ptr(in_slice));
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified rows)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows),
    "Cube::rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, 0, 0, subcube_n_rows, n_cols, n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified rows)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows),
    "Cube::rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, 0, 0, subcube_n_rows, n_cols, n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified columns)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Cube::cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, in_col1, 0, n_rows, subcube_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified columns)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Cube::cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, in_col1, 0, n_rows, subcube_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified slices)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::slices(const uword in_slice1, const uword in_slice2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_slice1 > in_slice2) || (in_slice2 >= n_slices),
    "Cube::slices(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_slices = in_slice2 - in_slice1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, 0, in_slice1, n_rows, n_cols, subcube_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (subcube comprised of specified slices)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::slices(const uword in_slice1, const uword in_slice2) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_slice1 > in_slice2) || (in_slice2 >= n_slices),
    "Cube::slices(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_slices = in_slice2 - in_slice1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, 0, in_slice1, n_rows, n_cols, subcube_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (generic subcube)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::subcube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_slice1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2, const uword in_slice2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 >  in_row2) || (in_col1 >  in_col2) || (in_slice1 >  in_slice2) ||
    (in_row2 >= n_rows)  || (in_col2 >= n_cols)  || (in_slice2 >= n_slices),
    "Cube::subcube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_rows   = in_row2   - in_row1   + 1;
  const uword subcube_n_cols   = in_col2   - in_col1   + 1;
  const uword subcube_n_slices = in_slice2 - in_slice1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, subcube_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (generic subcube)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::subcube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_slice1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2, const uword in_slice2) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 >  in_row2) || (in_col1 >  in_col2) || (in_slice1 >  in_slice2) ||
    (in_row2 >= n_rows)  || (in_col2 >= n_cols)  || (in_slice2 >= n_slices),
    "Cube::subcube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
    
  const uword subcube_n_rows   = in_row2   - in_row1   + 1;
  const uword subcube_n_cols   = in_col2   - in_col1   + 1;
  const uword subcube_n_slices = in_slice2 - in_slice1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, subcube_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (generic subcube)
template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::subcube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_slice1, const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword l_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols   = n_cols;
  const uword l_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  const uword s_n_rows   = s.n_rows;
  const uword s_n_cols   = s.n_cols;
  const uword s_n_slices = s.n_slices;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
       ( in_row1             >= l_n_rows) || ( in_col1             >= l_n_cols) || ( in_slice1               >= l_n_slices)
    || ((in_row1 + s_n_rows) >  l_n_rows) || ((in_col1 + s_n_cols) >  l_n_cols) || ((in_slice1 + s_n_slices) >  l_n_slices),
    "Cube::subcube(): indices or size out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, s_n_rows, s_n_cols, s_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (generic subcube)
template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::subcube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_slice1, const SizeCube& s) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword l_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols   = n_cols;
  const uword l_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  const uword s_n_rows   = s.n_rows;
  const uword s_n_cols   = s.n_cols;
  const uword s_n_slices = s.n_slices;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
       ( in_row1             >= l_n_rows) || ( in_col1             >= l_n_cols) || ( in_slice1               >= l_n_slices)
    || ((in_row1 + s_n_rows) >  l_n_rows) || ((in_col1 + s_n_cols) >  l_n_cols) || ((in_slice1 + s_n_slices) >  l_n_slices),
    "Cube::subcube(): indices or size out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, s_n_rows, s_n_cols, s_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (generic subcube)
template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::subcube(const span& row_span, const span& col_span, const span& slice_span)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all   = row_span.whole;
  const bool col_all   = col_span.whole;
  const bool slice_all = slice_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols   = n_cols;
  const uword local_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  const uword in_row1          = row_all   ? 0              : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2          =                              row_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_rows   = row_all   ? local_n_rows   : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_col1          = col_all   ? 0              : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2          =                              col_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_cols   = col_all   ? local_n_cols   : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_slice1        = slice_all ? 0              : slice_span.a;
  const uword in_slice2        =                              slice_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_slices = slice_all ? local_n_slices : in_slice2 - in_slice1 + 1;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all   ? false : ((in_row1   >  in_row2)   || (in_row2   >= local_n_rows))   )
    ||
    ( col_all   ? false : ((in_col1   >  in_col2)   || (in_col2   >= local_n_cols))   )
    ||
    ( slice_all ? false : ((in_slice1 >  in_slice2) || (in_slice2 >= local_n_slices)) )
    ,
    "Cube::subcube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, subcube_n_slices);
  }



//! creation of subview_cube (generic subcube)
template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::subcube(const span& row_span, const span& col_span, const span& slice_span) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all   = row_span.whole;
  const bool col_all   = col_span.whole;
  const bool slice_all = slice_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols   = n_cols;
  const uword local_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  const uword in_row1          = row_all   ? 0              : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2          =                              row_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_rows   = row_all   ? local_n_rows   : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_col1          = col_all   ? 0              : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2          =                              col_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_cols   = col_all   ? local_n_cols   : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_slice1        = slice_all ? 0              : slice_span.a;
  const uword in_slice2        =                              slice_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_slices = slice_all ? local_n_slices : in_slice2 - in_slice1 + 1;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all   ? false : ((in_row1   >  in_row2)   || (in_row2   >= local_n_rows))   )
    ||
    ( col_all   ? false : ((in_col1   >  in_col2)   || (in_col2   >= local_n_cols))   )
    ||
    ( slice_all ? false : ((in_slice1 >  in_slice2) || (in_slice2 >= local_n_slices)) )
    ,
    "Cube::subcube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, subcube_n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span, const span& slice_span)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).subcube(row_span, col_span, slice_span);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span, const span& slice_span) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).subcube(row_span, col_span, slice_span);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::operator()(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_slice1, const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).subcube(in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, s);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::operator()(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_slice1, const SizeCube& s) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).subcube(in_row1, in_col1, in_slice1, s);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ((in_row1 >= n_rows) || (in_col1 >= n_cols)),
    "Cube::tube(): indices out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, 1, 1, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ((in_row1 >= n_rows) || (in_col1 >= n_cols)),
    "Cube::tube(): indices out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, 1, 1, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 >  in_row2) || (in_col1 >  in_col2) ||
    (in_row2 >= n_rows)  || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Cube::tube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  const uword subcube_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 >  in_row2) || (in_col1 >  in_col2) ||
    (in_row2 >= n_rows)  || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Cube::tube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subcube_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  const uword subcube_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword l_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword s_n_rows = s.n_rows;
  const uword s_n_cols = s.n_cols;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ((in_row1 >= l_n_rows) || (in_col1 >= l_n_cols) || ((in_row1 + s_n_rows) > l_n_rows) || ((in_col1 + s_n_cols) > l_n_cols)),
    "Cube::tube(): indices or size out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, s_n_rows, s_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword l_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword s_n_rows = s.n_rows;
  const uword s_n_cols = s.n_cols;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ((in_row1 >= l_n_rows) || (in_col1 >= l_n_cols) || ((in_row1 + s_n_rows) > l_n_rows) || ((in_col1 + s_n_cols) > l_n_cols)),
    "Cube::tube(): indices or size out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, s_n_rows, s_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const span& row_span, const span& col_span)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols   = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_row1        = row_all   ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2        =                            row_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_rows = row_all   ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_col1        = col_all   ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2        =                            col_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_cols = col_all   ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ||
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Cube::tube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tube(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols   = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_row1        = row_all   ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2        =                            row_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_rows = row_all   ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_col1        = col_all   ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2        =                            col_span.b;
  const uword subcube_n_cols = col_all   ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ||
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Cube::tube(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, 0, subcube_n_rows, subcube_n_cols, n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::head_slices(const uword N)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (N > n_slices), "Cube::head_slices(): size out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, 0, 0, n_rows, n_cols, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::head_slices(const uword N) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (N > n_slices), "Cube::head_slices(): size out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, 0, 0, n_rows, n_cols, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tail_slices(const uword N)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (N > n_slices), "Cube::tail_slices(): size out of bounds" );
  
  const uword start_slice = n_slices - N;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, 0, start_slice, n_rows, n_cols, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cube<eT>
Cube<eT>::tail_slices(const uword N) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (N > n_slices), "Cube::tail_slices(): size out of bounds" );
  
  const uword start_slice = n_slices - N;
  
  return subview_cube<eT>(*this, 0, 0, start_slice, n_rows, n_cols, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Cube<eT>::elem(const Base<uword,T1>& a)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
const subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Cube<eT>::elem(const Base<uword,T1>& a) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Cube<eT>::operator()(const Base<uword,T1>& a)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
const subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Cube<eT>::operator()(const Base<uword,T1>& a) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cube_each1<eT>
Cube<eT>::each_slice()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_cube_each1<eT>(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cube_each1<eT>
Cube<eT>::each_slice() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_cube_each1<eT>(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
subview_cube_each2<eT, T1>
Cube<eT>::each_slice(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_cube_each2<eT, T1>(*this, indices);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
const subview_cube_each2<eT, T1>
Cube<eT>::each_slice(const Base<uword, T1>& indices) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_cube_each2<eT, T1>(*this, indices);
  }



//! apply a lambda function to each slice, where each slice is interpreted as a matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::each_slice(const std::function< void(Mat<eT>&) >& F)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  for(uword slice_id=0; slice_id < n_slices; ++slice_id)
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp('j', slice_memptr(slice_id), n_rows, n_cols);
    
    F(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::each_slice(const std::function< void(const Mat<eT>&) >& F) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  for(uword slice_id=0; slice_id < n_slices; ++slice_id)
    {
    const Mat<eT> tmp('j', slice_memptr(slice_id), n_rows, n_cols);
    
    F(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::each_slice(const std::function< void(Mat<eT>&) >& F, const bool use_mp)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if((use_mp == false) || (arma_config::openmp == false))
    {
    return (*this).each_slice(F);
    }
  
  #if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
    const uword local_n_slices = n_slices;
    const int   n_threads      = mp_thread_limit::get();
    
    #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static) num_threads(n_threads)
    for(uword slice_id=0; slice_id < local_n_slices; ++slice_id)
      {
      Mat<eT> tmp('j', slice_memptr(slice_id), n_rows, n_cols);
      
      F(tmp);
      }
    }
  #endif
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::each_slice(const std::function< void(const Mat<eT>&) >& F, const bool use_mp) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if((use_mp == false) || (arma_config::openmp == false))
    {
    return (*this).each_slice(F);
    }
  
  #if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
    const uword local_n_slices = n_slices;
    const int   n_threads      = mp_thread_limit::get();
    
    #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static) num_threads(n_threads)
    for(uword slice_id=0; slice_id < local_n_slices; ++slice_id)
      {
      Mat<eT> tmp('j', slice_memptr(slice_id), n_rows, n_cols);
      
      F(tmp);
      }
    }
  #endif
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
subview_cube_slices<eT, T1>
Cube<eT>::slices(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_cube_slices<eT, T1>(*this, indices);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
const subview_cube_slices<eT, T1>
Cube<eT>::slices(const Base<uword, T1>& indices) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_cube_slices<eT, T1>(*this, indices);
  }



//! remove specified row
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_row(const uword row_num)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( row_num >= n_rows, "Cube::shed_row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  shed_rows(row_num, row_num);
  }



//! remove specified column
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_col(const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( col_num >= n_cols, "Cube::shed_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  shed_cols(col_num, col_num);
  }



//! remove specified slice
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_slice(const uword slice_num)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( slice_num >= n_slices, "Cube::shed_slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  shed_slices(slice_num, slice_num);
  }



//! remove specified rows
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows),
    "Cube::shed_rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword n_keep_front = in_row1;
  const uword n_keep_back  = n_rows - (in_row2 + 1);
  
  Cube<eT> X(n_keep_front + n_keep_back, n_cols, n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(n_keep_front > 0)
    {
    X.rows( 0, (n_keep_front-1) ) = rows( 0, (in_row1-1) );
    }
  
  if(n_keep_back > 0)
    {
    X.rows( n_keep_front,  (n_keep_front+n_keep_back-1) ) = rows( (in_row2+1), (n_rows-1) );
    }
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



//! remove specified columns
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Cube::shed_cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword n_keep_front = in_col1;
  const uword n_keep_back  = n_cols - (in_col2 + 1);
  
  Cube<eT> X(n_rows, n_keep_front + n_keep_back, n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(n_keep_front > 0)
    {
    X.cols( 0, (n_keep_front-1) ) = cols( 0, (in_col1-1) );
    }
  
  if(n_keep_back > 0)
    {
    X.cols( n_keep_front,  (n_keep_front+n_keep_back-1) ) = cols( (in_col2+1), (n_cols-1) );
    }
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



//! remove specified slices
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_slices(const uword in_slice1, const uword in_slice2)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_slice1 > in_slice2) || (in_slice2 >= n_slices),
    "Cube::shed_slices(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword n_keep_front = in_slice1;
  const uword n_keep_back  = n_slices - (in_slice2 + 1);
  
  Cube<eT> X(n_rows, n_cols, n_keep_front + n_keep_back, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(n_keep_front > 0)
    {
    X.slices( 0, (n_keep_front-1) ) = slices( 0, (in_slice1-1) );
    }
  
  if(n_keep_back > 0)
    {
    X.slices( n_keep_front,  (n_keep_front+n_keep_back-1) ) = slices( (in_slice2+1), (n_slices-1) );
    }
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



//! remove specified slices
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::shed_slices(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const quasi_unwrap<T1>   U(indices.get_ref());
  const Mat<uword>& tmp1 = U.M;
  
  arma_debug_check( ((tmp1.is_vec() == false) && (tmp1.is_empty() == false)), "Cube::shed_slices(): list of indices must be a vector" );
  
  if(tmp1.is_empty()) { return; }
  
  const Col<uword> tmp2(const_cast<uword*>(tmp1.memptr()), tmp1.n_elem, false, false);
  
  const Col<uword>& slices_to_shed = (tmp2.is_sorted("strictascend") == false)
                                     ? Col<uword>(unique(tmp2))
                                     : Col<uword>(const_cast<uword*>(tmp2.memptr()), tmp2.n_elem, false, false);
  
  const uword* slices_to_shed_mem = slices_to_shed.memptr();
  const uword  N                  = slices_to_shed.n_elem;
  
  if(arma_config::debug)
    {
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)
      {
      arma_debug_check_bounds( (slices_to_shed_mem[i] >= n_slices), "Cube::shed_slices(): indices out of bounds" );
      }
    }
  
  Col<uword> tmp3(n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  uword* tmp3_mem = tmp3.memptr();
  
  uword i     = 0;
  uword count = 0;
  
  for(uword j=0; j < n_slices; ++j)
    {
    if(i < N)
      {
      if( j != slices_to_shed_mem[i] )
        {
        tmp3_mem[count] = j;
        ++count;
        }
      else
        {
        ++i;
        }
      }
    else
      {
      tmp3_mem[count] = j;
      ++count;
      }
    }
  
  const Col<uword> slices_to_keep(tmp3.memptr(), count, false, false);
  
  Cube<eT> X = (*this).slices(slices_to_keep);
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_rows(const uword row_num, const uword N, const bool set_to_zero)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_ignore(set_to_zero);
  
  (*this).insert_rows(row_num, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_rows(const uword row_num, const uword N)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword t_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  const uword A_n_rows = row_num;
  const uword B_n_rows = t_n_rows - row_num;
  
  // insertion at row_num == n_rows is in effect an append operation
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (row_num > t_n_rows), "Cube::insert_rows(): index out of bounds" );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Cube<eT> out(t_n_rows + N, n_cols, n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_rows > 0)
    {
    out.rows(0, A_n_rows-1) = rows(0, A_n_rows-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_rows > 0)
    {
    out.rows(row_num + N, t_n_rows + N - 1) = rows(row_num, t_n_rows-1);
    }
  
  out.rows(row_num, row_num + N - 1).zeros();
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_cols(const uword col_num, const uword N, const bool set_to_zero)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_ignore(set_to_zero);
  
  (*this).insert_cols(col_num, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_cols(const uword col_num, const uword N)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword t_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword A_n_cols = col_num;
  const uword B_n_cols = t_n_cols - col_num;
  
  // insertion at col_num == n_cols is in effect an append operation
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (col_num > t_n_cols), "Cube::insert_cols(): index out of bounds" );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Cube<eT> out(n_rows, t_n_cols + N, n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_cols > 0)
    {
    out.cols(0, A_n_cols-1) = cols(0, A_n_cols-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_cols > 0)
    {
    out.cols(col_num + N, t_n_cols + N - 1) = cols(col_num, t_n_cols-1);
    }
  
  out.cols(col_num, col_num + N - 1).zeros();
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_slices(const uword slice_num, const uword N, const bool set_to_zero)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_ignore(set_to_zero);
  
  (*this).insert_slices(slice_num, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_slices(const uword slice_num, const uword N)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword t_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  const uword A_n_slices = slice_num;
  const uword B_n_slices = t_n_slices - slice_num;
  
  // insertion at slice_num == n_slices is in effect an append operation
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (slice_num > t_n_slices), "Cube::insert_slices(): index out of bounds" );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Cube<eT> out(n_rows, n_cols, t_n_slices + N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_slices > 0)
    {
    out.slices(0, A_n_slices-1) = slices(0, A_n_slices-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_slices > 0)
    {
    out.slices(slice_num + N, t_n_slices + N - 1) = slices(slice_num, t_n_slices-1);
    }
  
  //out.slices(slice_num, slice_num + N - 1).zeros();
  
  for(uword i=slice_num; i < (slice_num + N); ++i)
    {
    arrayops::fill_zeros(out.slice_memptr(i), out.n_elem_slice);
    }
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_rows(const uword row_num, const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& C   = tmp.M;
  
  const uword N = C.n_rows;
  
  const uword t_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  const uword A_n_rows = row_num;
  const uword B_n_rows = t_n_rows - row_num;
  
  // insertion at row_num == n_rows is in effect an append operation
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (row_num  >  t_n_rows), "Cube::insert_rows(): index out of bounds" );
  
  arma_debug_check
    (
    ( (C.n_cols != n_cols) || (C.n_slices != n_slices) ),
    "Cube::insert_rows(): given object has incompatible dimensions"
    );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Cube<eT> out(t_n_rows + N, n_cols, n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_rows > 0)
    {
    out.rows(0, A_n_rows-1) = rows(0, A_n_rows-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_rows > 0)
    {
    out.rows(row_num + N, t_n_rows + N - 1) = rows(row_num, t_n_rows - 1);
    }
  
  out.rows(row_num, row_num + N - 1) = C;
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_cols(const uword col_num, const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& C   = tmp.M;
  
  const uword N = C.n_cols;
  
  const uword t_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword A_n_cols = col_num;
  const uword B_n_cols = t_n_cols - col_num;
  
  // insertion at col_num == n_cols is in effect an append operation
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (col_num  >  t_n_cols), "Cube::insert_cols(): index out of bounds" );
  
  arma_debug_check
    (
    ( (C.n_rows != n_rows) || (C.n_slices != n_slices) ),
    "Cube::insert_cols(): given object has incompatible dimensions"
    );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Cube<eT> out(n_rows, t_n_cols + N, n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_cols > 0)
    {
    out.cols(0, A_n_cols-1) = cols(0, A_n_cols-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_cols > 0)
    {
    out.cols(col_num + N, t_n_cols + N - 1) = cols(col_num, t_n_cols - 1);
    }
  
  out.cols(col_num, col_num + N - 1) = C;
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



//! insert the given object at the specified slice position; 
//! the given object must have the same number of rows and columns as the cube
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_slices(const uword slice_num, const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& C   = tmp.M;
  
  const uword N = C.n_slices;
  
  const uword t_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  const uword A_n_slices = slice_num;
  const uword B_n_slices = t_n_slices - slice_num;
  
  // insertion at slice_num == n_slices is in effect an append operation
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (slice_num  >  t_n_slices), "Cube::insert_slices(): index out of bounds" );
  
  arma_debug_check
    (
    ( (C.n_rows != n_rows) || (C.n_cols != n_cols) ),
    "Cube::insert_slices(): given object has incompatible dimensions"
    );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Cube<eT> out(n_rows, n_cols, t_n_slices + N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_slices > 0)
    {
    out.slices(0, A_n_slices-1) = slices(0, A_n_slices-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_slices > 0)
    {
    out.slices(slice_num + N, t_n_slices + N - 1) = slices(slice_num, t_n_slices - 1);
    }
  
  out.slices(slice_num, slice_num + N - 1) = C;
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::insert_slices(const uword slice_num, const Base<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const quasi_unwrap<T1> U(X.get_ref());
  
  const Cube<eT> C(const_cast<eT*>(U.M.memptr()), U.M.n_rows, U.M.n_cols, uword(1), false, true);
  
  (*this).insert_slices(slice_num, C);
  }



//! create a cube from GenCube, ie. run the previously delayed element generation operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename gen_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const GenCube<eT, gen_type>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem_slice(X.n_rows*X.n_cols)
  , n_slices(X.n_slices)
  , n_elem(X.n_rows*X.n_cols*X.n_slices)
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  X.apply(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename gen_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const GenCube<eT, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, X.n_slices);
  
  X.apply(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename gen_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const GenCube<eT, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  X.apply_inplace_plus(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename gen_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const GenCube<eT, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  X.apply_inplace_minus(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename gen_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const GenCube<eT, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  X.apply_inplace_schur(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename gen_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const GenCube<eT, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  X.apply_inplace_div(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! create a cube from OpCube, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const OpCube<T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a cube from OpCube, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const OpCube<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube addition, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const OpCube<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



//! in-place cube subtraction, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const OpCube<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const OpCube<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const OpCube<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! create a cube from eOpCube, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const eOpCube<T1, eop_type>& X)
  : n_rows(X.get_n_rows())
  , n_cols(X.get_n_cols())
  , n_elem_slice(X.get_n_elem_slice())
  , n_slices(X.get_n_slices())
  , n_elem(X.get_n_elem())
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  init_cold();
  
  eop_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a cube from eOpCube, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const eOpCube<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( X.P.has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { Cube<eT> tmp(X); steal_mem(tmp); return *this; }
  
  init_warm(X.get_n_rows(), X.get_n_cols(), X.get_n_slices());
  
  eop_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube addition, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const eOpCube<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( X.P.has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator+=(tmp); }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_plus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube subtraction, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const eOpCube<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( X.P.has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator-=(tmp); }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_minus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const eOpCube<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( X.P.has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator%=(tmp); }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_schur(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const eOpCube<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( X.P.has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator/=(tmp); }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_div(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const mtOpCube<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const mtOpCube<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const mtOpCube<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const mtOpCube<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const mtOpCube<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const mtOpCube<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! create a cube from GlueCube, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const GlueCube<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  this->operator=(X);
  }



//! create a cube from GlueCube, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const GlueCube<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }


//! in-place cube addition, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const GlueCube<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



//! in-place cube subtraction, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const GlueCube<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const GlueCube<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const GlueCube<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! create a cube from eGlueCube, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const eGlueCube<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(X.get_n_rows())
  , n_cols(X.get_n_cols())
  , n_elem_slice(X.get_n_elem_slice())
  , n_slices(X.get_n_slices())
  , n_elem(X.get_n_elem())
  , n_alloc()
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  init_cold();
  
  eglue_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a cube from eGlueCube, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const eGlueCube<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( (X.P1.has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))  ||  (X.P2.has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this)) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { Cube<eT> tmp(X); steal_mem(tmp); return *this; }
  
  init_warm(X.get_n_rows(), X.get_n_cols(), X.get_n_slices());
  
  eglue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube addition, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const eGlueCube<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( (X.P1.has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))  ||  (X.P2.has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this)) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator+=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_plus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube subtraction, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const eGlueCube<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( (X.P1.has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))  ||  (X.P2.has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this)) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator-=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_minus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const eGlueCube<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( (X.P1.has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))  ||  (X.P2.has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this)) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator%=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_schur(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place cube element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const eGlueCube<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = ( (X.P1.has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))  ||  (X.P2.has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this)) );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Cube<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator/=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_div(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::Cube(const mtGlueCube<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem_slice(0)
  , n_slices(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator=(const mtGlueCube<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator+=(const mtGlueCube<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator-=(const mtGlueCube<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator%=(const mtGlueCube<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator/=(const mtGlueCube<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Cube<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); no bounds check; assumes memory is aligned
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::at_alt(const uword i) const
  {
  const eT* mem_aligned = mem;
  
  memory::mark_as_aligned(mem_aligned);
  
  return mem_aligned[i];
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::operator() (const uword i)
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (i >= n_elem), "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[i]);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::operator() (const uword i) const
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (i >= n_elem), "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return mem[i];
  }


//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); no bounds check.  
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::operator[] (const uword i)
  {
  return access::rw(mem[i]);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::operator[] (const uword i) const
  {
  return mem[i];
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); no bounds check.  
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::at(const uword i)
  {
  return access::rw(mem[i]);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the cube as a vector); no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::at(const uword i) const
  {
  return mem[i];
  }



//! element accessor; bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice)
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row >= n_rows) ||
    (in_col >= n_cols) ||
    (in_slice >= n_slices)
    ,
    "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds"
    );

  return access::rw(mem[in_slice*n_elem_slice + in_col*n_rows + in_row]);
  }



//! element accessor; bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row >= n_rows) ||
    (in_col >= n_cols) ||
    (in_slice >= n_slices)
    ,
    "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds"
    );

  return mem[in_slice*n_elem_slice + in_col*n_rows + in_row];
  }



#if defined(__cpp_multidimensional_subscript)
  
  //! element accessor; no bounds check
  template<typename eT>
  arma_inline
    eT&
  Cube<eT>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice)
    {
    return access::rw( mem[in_slice*n_elem_slice + in_col*n_rows + in_row] );
    }
  
  
  
  //! element accessor; no bounds check
  template<typename eT>
  arma_inline
    const eT&
  Cube<eT>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
    {
    return mem[in_slice*n_elem_slice + in_col*n_rows + in_row];
    }
  
#endif



//! element accessor; no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice)
  {
  return access::rw( mem[in_slice*n_elem_slice + in_col*n_rows + in_row] );
  }



//! element accessor; no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
  {
  return mem[in_slice*n_elem_slice + in_col*n_rows + in_row];
  }



//! prefix ++
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator++()
  {
  Cube_aux::prefix_pp(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! postfix ++  (must not return the object by reference)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Cube<eT>::operator++(int)
  {
  Cube_aux::postfix_pp(*this);
  }



//! prefix --
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::operator--()
  {
  Cube_aux::prefix_mm(*this);
  return *this;
  }



//! postfix --  (must not return the object by reference)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Cube<eT>::operator--(int)
  {
  Cube_aux::postfix_mm(*this);
  }



//! returns true if the cube has no elements
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Cube<eT>::is_empty() const
  {
  return (n_elem == 0);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::internal_is_finite() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return arrayops::is_finite(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::internal_has_inf() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return arrayops::has_inf(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::internal_has_nan() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return arrayops::has_nan(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::internal_has_nonfinite() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (arrayops::is_finite(memptr(), n_elem) == false);
  }



//! returns true if the given index is currently in range
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Cube<eT>::in_range(const uword i) const
  {
  return (i < n_elem);
  }



//! returns true if the given start and end indices are currently in range
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Cube<eT>::in_range(const span& x) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(x.whole)
    {
    return true;
    }
  else
    {
    const uword a = x.a;
    const uword b = x.b;
    
    return ( (a <= b) && (b < n_elem) );
    }
  }



//! returns true if the given location is currently in range
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Cube<eT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
  {
  return ( (in_row < n_rows) && (in_col < n_cols) && (in_slice < n_slices) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::in_range(const span& row_span, const span& col_span, const span& slice_span) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword in_row1   = row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2   = row_span.b;
  
  const uword in_col1   = col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2   = col_span.b;
  
  const uword in_slice1 = slice_span.a;
  const uword in_slice2 = slice_span.b;
  
  
  const bool rows_ok   = row_span.whole   ? true : ( (in_row1   <= in_row2)   && (in_row2   < n_rows)   );
  const bool cols_ok   = col_span.whole   ? true : ( (in_col1   <= in_col2)   && (in_col2   < n_cols)   );
  const bool slices_ok = slice_span.whole ? true : ( (in_slice1 <= in_slice2) && (in_slice2 < n_slices) );
  
  
  return ( rows_ok && cols_ok && slices_ok );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice, const SizeCube& s) const
  {
  const uword l_n_rows   = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols   = n_cols;
  const uword l_n_slices = n_slices;
  
  if(
       ( in_row             >= l_n_rows) || ( in_col             >= l_n_cols) || ( in_slice               >= l_n_slices)
    || ((in_row + s.n_rows) >  l_n_rows) || ((in_col + s.n_cols) >  l_n_cols) || ((in_slice + s.n_slices) >  l_n_slices)
    )
    {
    return false;
    }
  else
    {
    return true;
    }
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the cube
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT*
Cube<eT>::memptr()
  {
  return const_cast<eT*>(mem);
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the cube
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT*
Cube<eT>::memptr() const
  {
  return mem;
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the specified slice in the cube
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT*
Cube<eT>::slice_memptr(const uword uslice)
  {
  return const_cast<eT*>( &mem[ uslice*n_elem_slice ] );
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the specified slice in the cube
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT*
Cube<eT>::slice_memptr(const uword uslice) const
  {
  return &mem[ uslice*n_elem_slice ];
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the specified slice in the cube
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT*
Cube<eT>::slice_colptr(const uword uslice, const uword col)
  {
  return const_cast<eT*>( &mem[ uslice*n_elem_slice + col*n_rows] );
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the specified slice in the cube
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT*
Cube<eT>::slice_colptr(const uword uslice, const uword col) const
  {
  return &mem[ uslice*n_elem_slice + col*n_rows ];
  }



//! change the cube to have user specified dimensions (data is not preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::set_size(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! change the cube to have user specified dimensions (data is preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::reshape(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_reshape::apply_cube_inplace((*this), new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! change the cube to have user specified dimensions (data is preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::resize(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_resize::apply_cube_inplace((*this), new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::set_size(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::reshape(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_reshape::apply_cube_inplace((*this), s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::resize(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_resize::apply_cube_inplace((*this), s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! change the cube (without preserving data) to have the same dimensions as the given cube 
template<typename eT>
template<typename eT2>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::copy_size(const Cube<eT2>& m)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(m.n_rows, m.n_cols, m.n_slices);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! apply a functor to each element 
template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::for_each(functor F)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* data = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    F(data[jj]);
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
const Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::for_each(functor F) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const eT* data = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    F(data[jj]);
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! transform each element in the cube using a functor
template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::transform(functor F)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* out_mem = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    eT tmp_ii = out_mem[ii];
    eT tmp_jj = out_mem[jj];
    
    tmp_ii = eT( F(tmp_ii) );
    tmp_jj = eT( F(tmp_jj) );
    
    out_mem[ii] = tmp_ii;
    out_mem[jj] = tmp_jj;
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    out_mem[ii] = eT( F(out_mem[ii]) );
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! imbue (fill) the cube with values provided by a functor
template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::imbue(functor F)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* out_mem = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    const eT tmp_ii = eT( F() );
    const eT tmp_jj = eT( F() );
    
    out_mem[ii] = tmp_ii;
    out_mem[jj] = tmp_jj;
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    out_mem[ii] = eT( F() );
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::replace(const eT old_val, const eT new_val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::replace(memptr(), n_elem, old_val, new_val);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::clean(const typename get_pod_type<eT>::result threshold)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::clean(memptr(), n_elem, threshold);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::clamp(const eT min_val, const eT max_val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(is_cx<eT>::no)
    {
    arma_debug_check( (access::tmp_real(min_val) > access::tmp_real(max_val)), "Cube::clamp(): min_val must be less than max_val" );
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_check( (access::tmp_real(min_val) > access::tmp_real(max_val)), "Cube::clamp(): real(min_val) must be less than real(max_val)" );
    arma_debug_check( (access::tmp_imag(min_val) > access::tmp_imag(max_val)), "Cube::clamp(): imag(min_val) must be less than imag(max_val)" );
    }
  
  arrayops::clamp(memptr(), n_elem, min_val, max_val);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! fill the cube with the specified value
template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::fill(const eT val)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_set( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::zeros()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::zeros(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return (*this).zeros();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::zeros(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).zeros(s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::ones()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).fill(eT(1));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::ones(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return (*this).fill(eT(1));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::ones(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).ones(s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::randu()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_rng::randu<eT>::fill( memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::randu(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return (*this).randu();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::randu(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).randu(s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::randn()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_rng::randn<eT>::fill( memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::randn(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword new_n_slices)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols, new_n_slices);
  
  return (*this).randn();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::randn(const SizeCube& s)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).randn(s.n_rows, s.n_cols, s.n_slices);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::reset()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(0,0,0);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::soft_reset()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  // don't change the size if the cube has a fixed size
  if(mem_state <= 1)
    {
    reset();
    }
  else
    {
    zeros();
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::set_real(const BaseCube<typename Cube<eT>::pod_type,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  Cube_aux::set_real(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::set_imag(const BaseCube<typename Cube<eT>::pod_type,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  Cube_aux::set_imag(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Cube<eT>::min() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_debug_check(true, "Cube::min(): object has no elements");
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_min::direct_min(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Cube<eT>::max() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_debug_check(true, "Cube::max(): object has no elements");
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_max::direct_max(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Cube<eT>::min(uword& index_of_min_val) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_debug_check(true, "Cube::min(): object has no elements");
    
    index_of_min_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_min::direct_min(memptr(), n_elem, index_of_min_val);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Cube<eT>::max(uword& index_of_max_val) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_debug_check(true, "Cube::max(): object has no elements");
    
    index_of_max_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_max::direct_max(memptr(), n_elem, index_of_max_val);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Cube<eT>::min(uword& row_of_min_val, uword& col_of_min_val, uword& slice_of_min_val) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_debug_check(true, "Cube::min(): object has no elements");
    
    row_of_min_val   = uword(0);
    col_of_min_val   = uword(0);
    slice_of_min_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  uword i;
  
  eT val = op_min::direct_min(memptr(), n_elem, i);
  
  const uword in_slice = i / n_elem_slice;
  const uword offset   = in_slice * n_elem_slice;
  const uword j        = i - offset;
  
    row_of_min_val = j % n_rows;
    col_of_min_val = j / n_rows;
  slice_of_min_val = in_slice;
  
  return val;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Cube<eT>::max(uword& row_of_max_val, uword& col_of_max_val, uword& slice_of_max_val) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_debug_check(true, "Cube::max(): object has no elements");
    
    row_of_max_val   = uword(0);
    col_of_max_val   = uword(0);
    slice_of_max_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  uword i;
  
  eT val = op_max::direct_max(memptr(), n_elem, i);
  
  const uword in_slice = i / n_elem_slice;
  const uword offset   = in_slice * n_elem_slice;
  const uword j        = i - offset;
  
    row_of_max_val = j % n_rows;
    col_of_max_val = j / n_rows;
  slice_of_max_val = in_slice;
  
  return val;
  }



//! save the cube to a file
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::save(const std::string name, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case raw_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_ascii(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_ascii(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_binary(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_binary(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case ppm_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_ppm_binary(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary:
      return (*this).save(hdf5_name(name));
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary_trans:  // kept for compatibility with earlier versions of Armadillo
      return (*this).save(hdf5_name(name, std::string(), hdf5_opts::trans));
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_debug_warn_level(1, "Cube::save(): unsupported file type");
      save_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)  { arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::save(): write failed; file: ", name); }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::save(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  // handling of hdf5_binary_trans kept for compatibility with earlier versions of Armadillo
  
  if( (type != hdf5_binary) && (type != hdf5_binary_trans) )
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Cube::save(): unsupported file type for hdf5_name()");
    return false;
    }
  
  const bool do_trans = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_trans  ) || (type == hdf5_binary_trans);
  const bool append   = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_append );
  const bool replace  = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_replace);
  
  if(append && replace)
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Cube::save(): only one of 'append' or 'replace' options can be used");
    return false;
    }
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  if(do_trans)
    {
    Cube<eT> tmp;
    
    op_strans_cube::apply_noalias(tmp, (*this));
    
    save_okay = diskio::save_hdf5_binary(tmp, spec, err_msg);
    }
  else
    {
    save_okay = diskio::save_hdf5_binary(*this, spec, err_msg);
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)
    {
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::save(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::save(): write failed; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



//! save the cube to a stream
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::save(std::ostream& os, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case raw_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_ascii(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_ascii(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_binary(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_binary(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case ppm_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_ppm_binary(*this, os);
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_debug_warn_level(1, "Cube::save(): unsupported file type");
      save_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)  { arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::save(): stream write failed"); }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



//! load a cube from a file
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::load(const std::string name, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case auto_detect:
      load_okay = diskio::load_auto_detect(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_ascii(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_ascii(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_binary(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_binary(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case ppm_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_ppm_binary(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary:
      return (*this).load(hdf5_name(name));
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary_trans:  // kept for compatibility with earlier versions of Armadillo
      return (*this).load(hdf5_name(name, std::string(), hdf5_opts::trans));
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_debug_warn_level(1, "Cube::load(): unsupported file type");
      load_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    (*this).soft_reset();
    
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::load(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", name);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::load(): read failed; file: ", name);
      }
    }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::load(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if( (type != hdf5_binary) && (type != hdf5_binary_trans) )
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Cube::load(): unsupported file type for hdf5_name()");
    return false;
    }
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  const bool do_trans = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_trans) || (type == hdf5_binary_trans);
  
  if(do_trans)
    {
    Cube<eT> tmp;
    
    load_okay = diskio::load_hdf5_binary(tmp, spec, err_msg);
    
    if(load_okay)  { op_strans_cube::apply_noalias((*this), tmp); }
    }
  else
    {
    load_okay = diskio::load_hdf5_binary(*this, spec, err_msg);
    }
  
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    (*this).soft_reset();
    
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::load(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::load(): read failed; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



//! load a cube from a stream
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::load(std::istream& is, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case auto_detect:
      load_okay = diskio::load_auto_detect(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_ascii(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_ascii(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_binary(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_binary(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case ppm_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_ppm_binary(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_debug_warn_level(1, "Cube::load(): unsupported file type");
      load_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    (*this).soft_reset();
    
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::load(): ", err_msg);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_debug_warn_level(3, "Cube::load(): stream read failed");
      }
    }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::quiet_save(const std::string name, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(name, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::quiet_save(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(spec, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::quiet_save(std::ostream& os, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(os, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::quiet_load(const std::string name, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(name, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::quiet_load(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(spec, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::quiet_load(std::istream& is, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(is, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::iterator
Cube<eT>::begin()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::const_iterator
Cube<eT>::begin() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::const_iterator
Cube<eT>::cbegin() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::iterator
Cube<eT>::end()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr() + n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::const_iterator
Cube<eT>::end() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr() + n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::const_iterator
Cube<eT>::cend() const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr() + n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::slice_iterator
Cube<eT>::begin_slice(const uword slice_num)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (slice_num >= n_slices), "begin_slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return slice_memptr(slice_num);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::const_slice_iterator
Cube<eT>::begin_slice(const uword slice_num) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (slice_num >= n_slices), "begin_slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return slice_memptr(slice_num);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::slice_iterator
Cube<eT>::end_slice(const uword slice_num)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (slice_num >= n_slices), "end_slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return slice_memptr(slice_num) + n_elem_slice;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Cube<eT>::const_slice_iterator
Cube<eT>::end_slice(const uword slice_num) const
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (slice_num >= n_slices), "end_slice(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return slice_memptr(slice_num) + n_elem_slice;
  }



//! resets this cube to an empty matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::clear()
  {
  reset();
  }



//! returns true if the cube has no elements
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Cube<eT>::empty() const
  {
  return (n_elem == 0);
  }



//! returns the number of elements in this cube
template<typename eT>
inline
uword
Cube<eT>::size() const
  {
  return n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::front()
  {
  arma_debug_check( (n_elem == 0), "Cube::front(): cube is empty" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[0]);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::front() const
  {
  arma_debug_check( (n_elem == 0), "Cube::front(): cube is empty" );
  
  return mem[0];
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::back()
  {
  arma_debug_check( (n_elem == 0), "Cube::back(): cube is empty" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[n_elem-1]);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::back() const
  {
  arma_debug_check( (n_elem == 0), "Cube::back(): cube is empty" );
  
  return mem[n_elem-1];
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::swap(Cube<eT>& B)
  {
  Cube<eT>& A = (*this);
  
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("A = %x   B = %x") % &A % &B);
  
  if( (A.mem_state == 0) && (B.mem_state == 0) && (A.n_elem > Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem) && (B.n_elem > Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem) )
    {
    A.delete_mat();
    B.delete_mat();
    
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_rows),       access::rw(B.n_rows)       );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_cols),       access::rw(B.n_cols)       );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_elem_slice), access::rw(B.n_elem_slice) );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_slices),     access::rw(B.n_slices)     );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_elem),       access::rw(B.n_elem)       );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.mem),          access::rw(B.mem)          );
    
    A.create_mat();
    B.create_mat();
    }
  else
  if( (A.mem_state == 0) && (B.mem_state == 0) && (A.n_elem <= Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem) && (B.n_elem <= Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem) )
    {
    A.delete_mat();
    B.delete_mat();
    
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_rows),       access::rw(B.n_rows)       );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_cols),       access::rw(B.n_cols)       );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_elem_slice), access::rw(B.n_elem_slice) );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_slices),     access::rw(B.n_slices)     );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_elem),       access::rw(B.n_elem)       );
    
    const uword N = (std::max)(A.n_elem, B.n_elem);
    
    eT* A_mem = A.memptr();
    eT* B_mem = B.memptr();
    
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)  { std::swap( A_mem[i], B_mem[i] ); }
    
    A.create_mat();
    B.create_mat();
    }
  else
    {
    // generic swap
    
    if(A.n_elem <= B.n_elem)
      {
      Cube<eT> C = A;
      
      A.steal_mem(B);
      B.steal_mem(C);
      }
    else
      {
      Cube<eT> C = B;
      
      B.steal_mem(A);
      A.steal_mem(C);
      }
    }
  }



//! try to steal the memory from a given cube; 
//! if memory can't be stolen, copy the given cube
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::steal_mem(Cube<eT>& x)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  (*this).steal_mem(x, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Cube<eT>::steal_mem(Cube<eT>& x, const bool is_move)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(this == &x)  { return; }
  
  if( (mem_state <= 1) && ( (x.n_alloc > Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem) || (x.mem_state == 1) || (is_move && (x.mem_state == 2)) ) )
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::steal_mem(): stealing memory");
    
    reset();
    
    const uword x_n_slices = x.n_slices;
    
    access::rw(n_rows)       = x.n_rows;
    access::rw(n_cols)       = x.n_cols;
    access::rw(n_elem_slice) = x.n_elem_slice;
    access::rw(n_slices)     = x_n_slices;
    access::rw(n_elem)       = x.n_elem;
    access::rw(n_alloc)      = x.n_alloc;
    access::rw(mem_state)    = x.mem_state;
    access::rw(mem)          = x.mem;
    
    if(x_n_slices > Cube_prealloc::mat_ptrs_size)
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::steal_mem(): stealing mat_ptrs array");
      
        mat_ptrs = x.mat_ptrs;
      x.mat_ptrs = nullptr;
      }
    else
      {
      arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::steal_mem(): copying mat_ptrs array");
      
      mat_ptrs = mat_ptrs_local;
      
      for(uword i=0; i < x_n_slices; ++i)
        {
          mat_ptrs[i] = raw_mat_ptr_type(x.mat_ptrs[i]);  // cast required by std::atomic
        x.mat_ptrs[i] = nullptr;
        }
      }
    
    access::rw(x.n_rows)       = 0;
    access::rw(x.n_cols)       = 0;
    access::rw(x.n_elem_slice) = 0;
    access::rw(x.n_slices)     = 0;
    access::rw(x.n_elem)       = 0;
    access::rw(x.n_alloc)      = 0;
    access::rw(x.mem_state)    = 0;
    access::rw(x.mem)          = nullptr;
    }
  else
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::steal_mem(): copying memory");
    
    (*this).operator=(x);
    
    if( (is_move) && (x.mem_state == 0) && (x.n_alloc <= Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem) )
      {
      x.reset();
      }
    }
  }



//
//  Cube::fixed



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
void
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::mem_setup()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(fixed_n_elem > 0)
    {
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_rows)       = fixed_n_rows;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_cols)       = fixed_n_cols;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_elem_slice) = fixed_n_rows * fixed_n_cols;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_slices)     = fixed_n_slices;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_elem)       = fixed_n_elem;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_alloc)      = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::mem_state)    = 3;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::mem)          = (fixed_n_elem   > Cube_prealloc::mem_n_elem)    ? mem_local_extra      : mem_local;
               Cube<eT>::mat_ptrs      = (fixed_n_slices > Cube_prealloc::mat_ptrs_size) ? mat_ptrs_local_extra : mat_ptrs_local;
    
    create_mat();
    }
  else
    {
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_rows)       = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_cols)       = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_elem_slice) = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_slices)     = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_elem)       = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::n_alloc)      = 0;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::mem_state)    = 3;
    access::rw(Cube<eT>::mem)          = nullptr;
               Cube<eT>::mat_ptrs      = nullptr;
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
inline
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::fixed()
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  mem_setup();
  
  if(arma_config::zero_init)
    {
    arma_extra_debug_print("Cube::fixed::constructor: zeroing memory");
    
    eT* mem_use = (use_extra) ? &(mem_local_extra[0]) : &(mem_local[0]);
    
    arrayops::fill_zeros(mem_use, fixed_n_elem);
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
inline
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::fixed(const fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  mem_setup();
  
        eT* dest = (use_extra) ?   mem_local_extra :   mem_local;
  const eT* src  = (use_extra) ? X.mem_local_extra : X.mem_local;
  
  arrayops::copy( dest, src, fixed_n_elem );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
inline
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::fixed(const fill::scalar_holder<eT> f)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  mem_setup();
  
  (*this).fill(f.scalar);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::fixed(const fill::fill_class<fill_type>&)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  mem_setup();
  
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_zeros>::yes)  { (*this).zeros(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_ones >::yes)  { (*this).ones();  }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randu>::yes)  { (*this).randu(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randn>::yes)  { (*this).randn(); }
  
  arma_static_check( (is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_eye>::yes), "Cube::fixed::fixed(): unsupported fill type" );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
template<typename T1>
inline
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::fixed(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& A)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  mem_setup();
  
  Cube<eT>::operator=(A.get_ref()); 
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::fixed(const BaseCube<pod_type,T1>& A, const BaseCube<pod_type,T2>& B)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  mem_setup();
  
  Cube<eT>::init(A,B);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
inline
Cube<eT>&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator=(const fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
        eT* dest = (use_extra) ?   mem_local_extra :   mem_local;
  const eT* src  = (use_extra) ? X.mem_local_extra : X.mem_local;
  
  arrayops::copy( dest, src, fixed_n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator[] (const uword i)
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator[] (const uword i) const
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::at(const uword i)
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::at(const uword i) const
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator() (const uword i)
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (i >= fixed_n_elem), "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator() (const uword i) const
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds( (i >= fixed_n_elem), "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



#if defined(__cpp_multidimensional_subscript)
  
  template<typename eT>
  template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
  arma_inline
    eT&
  Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice)
    {
    const uword i = in_slice*fixed_n_elem_slice + in_col*fixed_n_rows + in_row;
    
    return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
    }
  
  
  
  template<typename eT>
  template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
  arma_inline
    const eT&
  Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
    {
    const uword i = in_slice*fixed_n_elem_slice + in_col*fixed_n_rows + in_row;
    
    return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
    }
  
#endif



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice)
  {
  const uword i = in_slice*fixed_n_elem_slice + in_col*fixed_n_rows + in_row;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
  {
  const uword i = in_slice*fixed_n_elem_slice + in_col*fixed_n_rows + in_row;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice)
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row   >= fixed_n_rows  ) ||
    (in_col   >= fixed_n_cols  ) ||
    (in_slice >= fixed_n_slices)
    ,
    "operator(): index out of bounds"
    );
  
  const uword i = in_slice*fixed_n_elem_slice + in_col*fixed_n_rows + in_row;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols, uword fixed_n_slices>
arma_inline
const eT&
Cube<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, fixed_n_slices>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const uword in_slice) const
  {
  arma_debug_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row   >= fixed_n_rows  ) ||
    (in_col   >= fixed_n_cols  ) ||
    (in_slice >= fixed_n_slices)
    ,
    "Cube::operator(): index out of bounds"
    );
  
  const uword i = in_slice*fixed_n_elem_slice + in_col*fixed_n_rows + in_row;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[i] : mem_local[i];
  }



//
// Cube_aux



//! prefix ++
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::prefix_pp(Cube<eT>& x)
  {
        eT*   memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;
  
  uword i,j;

  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    ++(memptr[i]);
    ++(memptr[j]);
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    ++(memptr[i]);
    }
  }



//! prefix ++ for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::prefix_pp(Cube< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x += T(1);
  }



//! postfix ++
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::postfix_pp(Cube<eT>& x)
  {
        eT* memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;
  
  uword i,j;
  
  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    (memptr[i])++;
    (memptr[j])++;
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    (memptr[i])++;
    }
  }



//! postfix ++ for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::postfix_pp(Cube< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x += T(1);
  }



//! prefix --
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::prefix_mm(Cube<eT>& x)
  {
        eT* memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;

  uword i,j;

  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    --(memptr[i]);
    --(memptr[j]);
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    --(memptr[i]);
    }
  }



//! prefix -- for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::prefix_mm(Cube< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x -= T(1);
  }



//! postfix --
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::postfix_mm(Cube<eT>& x)
  {
        eT* memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;

  uword i,j;

  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    (memptr[i])--;
    (memptr[j])--;
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    (memptr[i])--;
    }
  }



//! postfix ++ for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
arma_inline
void
Cube_aux::postfix_mm(Cube< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x -= T(1);
  }



template<typename eT, typename T1>
inline
void
Cube_aux::set_real(Cube<eT>& out, const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& A   = tmp.M;
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size( out, A, "Cube::set_real()" );
  
  out = A;
  }



template<typename eT, typename T1>
inline
void
Cube_aux::set_imag(Cube<eT>&, const BaseCube<eT,T1>&)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename T, typename T1>
inline
void
Cube_aux::set_real(Cube< std::complex<T> >& out, const BaseCube<T,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  typedef typename std::complex<T> eT;
  
  const ProxyCube<T1> P(X.get_ref());
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = P.get_n_rows();
  const uword local_n_cols   = P.get_n_cols();
  const uword local_n_slices = P.get_n_slices();
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size
    (
    out.n_rows,   out.n_cols,   out.n_slices,
    local_n_rows, local_n_cols, local_n_slices,
    "Cube::set_real()"
    );
  
  eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
  
  if(ProxyCube<T1>::use_at == false)
    {
    typedef typename ProxyCube<T1>::ea_type ea_type;
    
    ea_type A = P.get_ea();
    
    const uword N = out.n_elem;
    
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)  { out_mem[i].real(A[i]); }
    }
  else
    {
    for(uword slice = 0; slice < local_n_slices; ++slice)
    for(uword col   = 0; col   < local_n_cols;   ++col  )
    for(uword row   = 0; row   < local_n_rows;   ++row  )
      {
      (*out_mem).real(P.at(row,col,slice));
      out_mem++;
      }
    }
  }



template<typename T, typename T1>
inline
void
Cube_aux::set_imag(Cube< std::complex<T> >& out, const BaseCube<T,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
  
  typedef typename std::complex<T> eT;
  
  const ProxyCube<T1> P(X.get_ref());
  
  const uword local_n_rows   = P.get_n_rows();
  const uword local_n_cols   = P.get_n_cols();
  const uword local_n_slices = P.get_n_slices();
  
  arma_debug_assert_same_size
    (
    out.n_rows,   out.n_cols,   out.n_slices,
    local_n_rows, local_n_cols, local_n_slices,
    "Cube::set_imag()"
    );
  
  eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
  
  if(ProxyCube<T1>::use_at == false)
    {
    typedef typename ProxyCube<T1>::ea_type ea_type;
    
    ea_type A = P.get_ea();
    
    const uword N = out.n_elem;
    
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)  { out_mem[i].imag(A[i]); }
    }
  else
    {
    for(uword slice = 0; slice < local_n_slices; ++slice)
    for(uword col   = 0; col   < local_n_cols;   ++col  )
    for(uword row   = 0; row   < local_n_rows;   ++row  )
      {
      (*out_mem).imag(P.at(row,col,slice));
      out_mem++;
      }
    }
  }



#if defined(ARMA_EXTRA_CUBE_MEAT)
  #include ARMA_INCFILE_WRAP(ARMA_EXTRA_CUBE_MEAT)
#endif



//! @}
