Serbia and Montenegro

§1. Serbia and Montenegro Introduction

Background:
  The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was
  changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was
  resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought each other as well as
  the invaders. The group headed by Josip TITO took full control of
  Yugoslavia upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new
  government and its successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own
  path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a
  half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel
  along ethnic
  lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were
    recognized as independent states in 1992. The remaining republics of
    Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"
    (FRY) in April 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led
    various military intervention efforts to unite ethnic Serbs in
    neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions led to
    Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992, but Serbia continued its
    campaign until signing the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. In 1998-99,
    massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic
    Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including
    the NATO bombing of Belgrade and the stationing of a NATO-led force
    (KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought about
    the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president.
    The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to
    the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The
    Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. In 2001, the country's
    suspension from the UN was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN
    organizations under the name of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
    Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim Administration Mission in
    Kosovo (UNMIK) since June 1999, under the authority of UN Security
    Council Resolution 1244, pending a determination by the international
    community of its future status. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin
    components of Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser
    relationship. In February 2003 lawmakers restructured the country into a
    loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. The
    Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro includes a provision that
    allows either republic to hold a referendum after three years that would
    allow for their independence from the state union. In 2003 Svetozar
    MAROVIC was elected president of Serbia and Montenegro.

§2. Serbia and Montenegro Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia
  and Herzegovina

Geographic coordinates:
  44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 102,350 km²
  land: 102,136 km²
  water: 214 km²

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Kentucky

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,246 km
  border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria
    318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km,
    Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Coastline:
  199 km

Maritime claims:
  NA

Climate:
  in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with
  well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean
  climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers
  and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain:
  extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone
  ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the
  southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
  highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Natural resources:
  oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, chromite,
  nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt,
  hydropower, arable land

Land use:
  arable land: 33.18%
  permanent crops: 3.2%
  other: 63.62% (2005)

Irrigated land:
  570 km²

Natural hazards:
  destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
  pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
  tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and
  other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into
  the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
    Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
    Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the
  Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

§3. Serbia and Montenegro People

Population:
  10,832,545 (July 2006 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 17.9% (male 1,003,313/female 932,885)
  15-64 years: 67% (male 3,618,870/female 3,638,397)
  65 years and over: 15.1% (male 702,618/female 936,462) (2006 est.)

Median age:
  total: 37 years
  male: 35.5 years
  female: 38.5 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.03% (2006 est.)

Birth rate:
  12.11 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate:
  10.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  total: 12.52 deaths/1,000 live births
  male: 14.13 deaths/1,000 live births
  female: 10.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 74.95 years
  male: 72.37 years
  female: 77.75 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.68 children born/woman (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  10,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
  adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

Ethnic groups:
  Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6%
  (1991)

Religions:
  Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Languages:
  Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 96.4%
  male: 98.9%
  female: 94.1% (2002 est.)

§4. Serbia and Montenegro Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro
  conventional short form: none
  local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora
  local short form: none
  former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
  abbreviation: SCG

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Belgrade

Administrative divisions:
  2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous
  provinces (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina)(both in the
  republic of Serbia)* ; Kosovo* (temporarily under UN administration, per UN
  Security Council Resolution 1244), Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Independence:
  27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbia and
  Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal
  Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

National holiday:
  National Day, 27 April

Constitution:
  4 February 2003

Legal system:
  based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
  reservations

Suffrage:
  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note -
    the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet
  elections: president elected by the parliament for a four-year term;
    election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held 2007)
  election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the parliament;
    vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by
  nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which
  the Constitutional Charter calls for direct elections
  elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held 2006 in Montenegro
    and 2007 in Serbia)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Serbian
    parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13, G17 Plus
  12, SPO-NS 8, SPS 8; Montenegrin parties: DPS 15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS
    2, LSCG 2

Judicial branch:
  The Court of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are elected by the Serbia and
  Montenegro Parliament for six-year terms
  note: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the Federal Court
    has constitutional and administrative functions; it has an equal number
    of judges from each republic

Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS
  [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS
  [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar
  BOJOVIC]; G17 Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC];
  Liberal Party of Montenegro or LSCG [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of
  Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Power of Serbia Movement or PSS
  [Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian Peoples' Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija
  MANDIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Renewal
  Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former
  Communist Party and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of
  Main Board]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP [Ranko
  KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Predrag
  BULATOVIC]
  note: the following political parties participate in elections and
    institutions only in Kosovo, which has been
  governed by the UN under UNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian
    Democratic Party or PSHDK [Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of
    Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Gora or GIG
    [leader NA]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit RRAHMANI];
    Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA]; Democratic Party of
    Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party or PD [Sylejman CERKEZI];
    Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party
    of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora [Veton SURROI]; New Democratic
    Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Bislim HOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or
    SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular Movement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI];
    Prizren-Dragas Initiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb Democratic
    Party or SDS [Slavisa PETKOVIC]; Serb List for Kosovo and Metohija or
    SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo or PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi
    MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Political Council for Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA];
  Group for Changes of Montenegro or GZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]

International organization participation:
  ABEDA, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
  ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
  IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
  SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC
  chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
  FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
  consulate(s) general: Chicago

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT
  embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade
  mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070
  telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344
  FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230
  consulate(s): Podgorica
  note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30 Nazim Hikmet 38000
    Pristina, Kosovo; telephone: [381](38)549-516;
  FAX: [381](38)549-890

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

§5. Serbia and Montenegro Economy

Economy - overview:
  MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic
  sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry
  during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it
  was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President
  MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS)
  coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an
  aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF
  in December 2000, a down-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the
  international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European
  Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European
  Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3
  billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's
  $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001 -
  it wrote off 66% of the debt - and the London Club of private creditors
  forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just over half the total owed, in July 2004.
  The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control
  and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own
  central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official
  currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo's
  economy continues to transition to a market-based system, and is largely
  dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and
  technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are both accepted
  currencies in Kosovo. While maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues
  to work with the EU and Kosovo's local provisional government to accelerate
  economic growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment to help
  Kosovo integrate into regional economic structures. The complexity of
  Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in
  privatization, legal uncertainty over property rights, scarcity of
  foreign-investment, and a substantial foreign trade deficit are holding
  back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for
  fiscal discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe
  unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire
  region.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
  $28.7 billion (2005 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):
  $25.07 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5% (2005 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
  $2,700 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 16.6%
  industry: 25.5%
  services: 57.9% (2005 est.)

Labor force:
  3.22 million (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
  31.6%; note - unemployment is approximately 50% in Kosovo (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  30% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA%
  highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  15.5% (2005 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
  14.2% of GDP (2005 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $11.45 billion
  expenditures: $11.12 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005
    est.)

Public debt:
  53.1% of GDP (2005 est.)

Agriculture - products:
  cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
  machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons;
  electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum,
  copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal,
  bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles,
  footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products,
  chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:
  1.7% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
  36.04 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
  36.62 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
  400 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
  3.5 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
  14,660 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - consumption:
  85,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - imports:
  NA bbl/day

Oil - proved reserves:
  38.75 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
  650 million m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
  2.55 billion m³ (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
  0 m³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
  0 m³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
  48.14 billion m³ (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
  $-2.451 billion (2005 est.)

Exports:
  $5.485 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

Exports - partners:
  Italy 29%, Germany 16.6%, Austria 7%, Greece 6.7%, France 4.9%, Slovenia
  4.1% (2004)

Imports:
  $11.94 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured
  goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports - partners:
  Germany 18.5%, Italy 16.5%, Austria 8.3%, Slovenia 6.7%, Bulgaria 4.7%,
  France 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
  $5.35 billion (2005 est.)

Debt - external:
  $15.43 billion (2005 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)

Currency (code):
  new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is legal tender; in
  Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal

Exchange rates:
  new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 58.6925 (2005)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Serbia and Montenegro Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  2,685,400 (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  4,729,600 (2004)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: NA
  domestic: NA
  international: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
    (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:
  more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations,
  plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private
  stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)

Internet country code:
  .cs

Internet hosts:
  22,046 (2005)

Internet users:
  1.2 million (2005)

§7. Serbia and Montenegro Transportation

Airports:
  44 (2005)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 19
  over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
  914 to 1,523 m: 2
  under 914 m: 4 (2005)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 25
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 10
  under 914 m: 13 (2005)

Heliports:
  4 (2005)

Pipelines:
  gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)

Railways:
  total: 4,380 km
  standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km electrified) (2004)

Roadways:
  total: 45,290 km
  paved: 28,261 km
  unpaved: 17,029 km (2002)

Waterways:
  587 km (2002)

Merchant marine:
  total: 5
  by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1
  foreign-owned: 1 (Finland 1)
  registered in other countries: 4 (The Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the
    Grenadines 2) (2005)

Ports and terminals:
  Bar

§8. Serbia and Montenegro Military

Military branches:
  Serbian and Montenegrin Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije i Crne Gore, VSCG):
    Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Forces (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
  19 years of age (nine months compulsory service) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
  males age 19-49: 2,389,729 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
  males age 19-49: 1,959,166 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
  males: 81,033 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $654 million (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA

§9. Serbia and Montenegro Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Kosovo remains unresolved and administered by several thousand peacekeepers
  from the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999,
  with Kosovar Albanians overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials
  opposing Kosovo independence; the international community had agreed to
  begin a process to determine final status but contingency of solidifying
  multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic Albanians
  in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance
  with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement;
  Serbia and Montenegro have delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia
  and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
  refugees (country of origin): 95,297 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 180,117
    (Croatia)
  IDPs: 225,000 - 251,000 (mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in
    1999) (2005)

Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on
  the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering


<Factbook 2006>
