How to use the QAPI code generator — QEMU documentation

# How to use the QAPI code generator

## Introduction

QAPI is a native C API within QEMU which provides management-level functionality to internal and external users. For external users/processes, this interface is made available by a JSON-based wire format for the QEMU Monitor Protocol (QMP) for controlling qemu, as well as the QEMU Guest Agent (QGA) for communicating with the guest. The remainder of this document uses “Client JSON Protocol” when referring to the wire contents of a QMP or QGA connection.

To map between Client JSON Protocol interfaces and the native C API, we generate C code from a QAPI schema. This document describes the QAPI schema language, and how it gets mapped to the Client JSON Protocol and to C. It additionally provides guidance on maintaining Client JSON Protocol compatibility.

## The QAPI schema language

The QAPI schema defines the Client JSON Protocol’s commands and events, as well as types used by them. Forward references are allowed.

It is permissible for the schema to contain additional types not used by any commands or events, for the side effect of generated C code used internally.

There are several kinds of types: simple types (a number of built-in types, such as `int` and `str`; as well as enumerations), arrays, complex types (structs and unions), and alternate types (a choice between other types).

### Schema syntax

Syntax is loosely based on JSON. Differences:

- Comments: start with a hash character (`#`) that is not part of a string, and extend to the end of the line.

- Strings are enclosed in `'single quotes'`, not `"double quotes"`.

- Strings are restricted to printable ASCII, and escape sequences to just `\\`.

- Numbers and `null` are not supported.

A second layer of syntax defines the sequences of JSON texts that are a correctly structured QAPI schema. We provide a grammar for this syntax in an EBNF-like notation:

- Production rules look like `non-terminal = expression`

- Concatenation: expression `A B` matches expression `A`, then `B`

- Alternation: expression `A | B` matches expression `A` or `B`

- Repetition: expression `A...` matches zero or more occurrences of expression `A`

- Repetition: expression `A, ...` matches zero or more occurrences of expression `A` separated by `,`

- Grouping: expression `( A )` matches expression `A`

- JSON’s structural characters are terminals: `{ } [ ] : ,`

- JSON’s literal names are terminals: `false true`

- String literals enclosed in `'single quotes'` are terminal, and match this JSON string, with a leading `*` stripped off

- When JSON object member’s name starts with `*`, the member is optional.

- The symbol `STRING` is a terminal, and matches any JSON string

- The symbol `BOOL` is a terminal, and matches JSON `false` or `true`

- ALL-CAPS words other than `STRING` are non-terminals

The order of members within JSON objects does not matter unless explicitly noted.

A QAPI schema consists of a series of top-level expressions:

    SCHEMA = TOP-LEVEL-EXPR...

The top-level expressions are all JSON objects. Code and documentation is generated in schema definition order. Code order should not matter.

A top-level expressions is either a directive or a definition:

    TOP-LEVEL-EXPR = DIRECTIVE | DEFINITION

There are two kinds of directives and six kinds of definitions:

    DIRECTIVE = INCLUDE | PRAGMA
    DEFINITION = ENUM | STRUCT | UNION | ALTERNATE | COMMAND | EVENT

These are discussed in detail below.

### Built-in Types

The following types are predefined, and map to C as follows:

> Schema | C | JSON
> --- | --- | ---
> `str` | `char *` | any JSON string, UTF-8
> `number` | `double` | any JSON number
> `int` | `int64_t` | a JSON number without fractional part that fits into the C integer type
> `int8` | `int8_t` | likewise
> `int16` | `int16_t` | likewise
> `int32` | `int32_t` | likewise
> `int64` | `int64_t` | likewise
> `uint8` | `uint8_t` | likewise
> `uint16` | `uint16_t` | likewise
> `uint32` | `uint32_t` | likewise
> `uint64` | `uint64_t` | likewise
> `size` | `uint64_t` | like `uint64_t`, except `StringInputVisitor` accepts size suffixes
> `bool` | `bool` | JSON `true` or `false`
> `null` | `QNull *` | JSON `null`
> `any` | `QObject *` | any JSON value
> `QType` | `QType` | JSON string matching enum `QType` values

### Include directives

Syntax:

    INCLUDE = { 'include': STRING }

The QAPI schema definitions can be modularized using the ‘include’ directive:

    { 'include': 'path/to/file.json' }

The directive is evaluated recursively, and include paths are relative to the file using the directive. Multiple includes of the same file are idempotent.

As a matter of style, it is a good idea to have all files be self-contained, but at the moment, nothing prevents an included file from making a forward reference to a type that is only introduced by an outer file. The parser may be made stricter in the future to prevent incomplete include files.

### Pragma directives

Syntax:

    PRAGMA = { 'pragma': {
                   '*doc-required': BOOL,
                   '*command-name-exceptions': [ STRING, ... ],
                   '*command-returns-exceptions': [ STRING, ... ],
                   '*member-name-exceptions': [ STRING, ... ] } }

The pragma directive lets you control optional generator behavior.

Pragma’s scope is currently the complete schema. Setting the same pragma to different values in parts of the schema doesn’t work.

Pragma ‘doc-required’ takes a boolean value. If true, documentation is required. Default is false.

Pragma ‘command-name-exceptions’ takes a list of commands whose names may contain `"_"` instead of `"-"`. Default is none.

Pragma ‘command-returns-exceptions’ takes a list of commands that may violate the rules on permitted return types. Default is none.

Pragma ‘member-name-exceptions’ takes a list of types whose member names may contain uppercase letters, and `"_"` instead of `"-"`. Default is none.

### Enumeration types

Syntax:

    ENUM = { 'enum': STRING,
             'data': [ ENUM-VALUE, ... ],
             '*prefix': STRING,
             '*if': COND,
             '*features': FEATURES }
    ENUM-VALUE = STRING
               | { 'name': STRING,
                   '*if': COND,
                   '*features': FEATURES }

Member ‘enum’ names the enum type.

Each member of the ‘data’ array defines a value of the enumeration type. The form STRING is shorthand for `{ 'name': STRING }`. The ‘name’ values must be be distinct.

Example:

    { 'enum': 'MyEnum', 'data': [ 'value1', 'value2', 'value3' ] }

Nothing prevents an empty enumeration, although it is probably not useful.

On the wire, an enumeration type’s value is represented by its (string) name. In C, it’s represented by an enumeration constant. These are of the form PREFIX_NAME, where PREFIX is derived from the enumeration type’s name, and NAME from the value’s name. For the example above, the generator maps ‘MyEnum’ to MY_ENUM and ‘value1’ to VALUE1, resulting in the enumeration constant MY_ENUM_VALUE1. The optional ‘prefix’ member overrides PREFIX.

The generated C enumeration constants have values 0, 1, …, N-1 (in QAPI schema order), where N is the number of values. There is an additional enumeration constant PREFIX__MAX with value N.

Do not use string or an integer type when an enumeration type can do the job satisfactorily.

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

The optional ‘features’ member specifies features. See Features below for more on this.

### Type references and array types

Syntax:

    TYPE-REF = STRING | ARRAY-TYPE
    ARRAY-TYPE = [ STRING ]

A string denotes the type named by the string.

A one-element array containing a string denotes an array of the type named by the string. Example: `['int']` denotes an array of `int`.

### Struct types

Syntax:

    STRUCT = { 'struct': STRING,
               'data': MEMBERS,
               '*base': STRING,
               '*if': COND,
               '*features': FEATURES }
    MEMBERS = { MEMBER, ... }
    MEMBER = STRING : TYPE-REF
           | STRING : { 'type': TYPE-REF,
                        '*if': COND,
                        '*features': FEATURES }

Member ‘struct’ names the struct type.

Each MEMBER of the ‘data’ object defines a member of the struct type.

The MEMBER’s STRING name consists of an optional `*` prefix and the struct member name. If `*` is present, the member is optional.

The MEMBER’s value defines its properties, in particular its type. The form TYPE-REF is shorthand for `{ 'type': TYPE-REF }`.

Example:

    { 'struct': 'MyType',
      'data': { 'member1': 'str', 'member2': ['int'], '*member3': 'str' } }

A struct type corresponds to a struct in C, and an object in JSON. The C struct’s members are generated in QAPI schema order.

The optional ‘base’ member names a struct type whose members are to be included in this type. They go first in the C struct.

Example:

    { 'struct': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
      'data': { 'file': 'str' } }
    { 'struct': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat',
      'base': 'BlockdevOptionsGenericFormat',
      'data': { '*backing': 'str' } }

An example BlockdevOptionsGenericCOWFormat object on the wire could use both members like this:

    { "file": "/some/place/my-image",
      "backing": "/some/place/my-backing-file" }

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

The optional ‘features’ member specifies features. See Features below for more on this.

### Union types

Syntax:

    UNION = { 'union': STRING,
              'base': ( MEMBERS | STRING ),
              'discriminator': STRING,
              'data': BRANCHES,
              '*if': COND,
              '*features': FEATURES }
    BRANCHES = { BRANCH, ... }
    BRANCH = STRING : TYPE-REF
           | STRING : { 'type': TYPE-REF, '*if': COND }

Member ‘union’ names the union type.

The ‘base’ member defines the common members. If it is a MEMBERS object, it defines common members just like a struct type’s ‘data’ member defines struct type members. If it is a STRING, it names a struct type whose members are the common members.

Member ‘discriminator’ must name a non-optional enum-typed member of the base struct. That member’s value selects a branch by its name. If no such branch exists, an empty branch is assumed.

Each BRANCH of the ‘data’ object defines a branch of the union. A union must have at least one branch.

The BRANCH’s STRING name is the branch name. It must be a value of the discriminator enum type.

The BRANCH’s value defines the branch’s properties, in particular its type. The type must a struct type. The form TYPE-REF is shorthand for `{ 'type': TYPE-REF }`.

In the Client JSON Protocol, a union is represented by an object with the common members (from the base type) and the selected branch’s members. The two sets of member names must be disjoint.

Example:

    { 'enum': 'BlockdevDriver', 'data': [ 'file', 'qcow2' ] }
    { 'union': 'BlockdevOptions',
      'base': { 'driver': 'BlockdevDriver', '*read-only': 'bool' },
      'discriminator': 'driver',
      'data': { 'file': 'BlockdevOptionsFile',
                'qcow2': 'BlockdevOptionsQcow2' } }

Resulting in these JSON objects:

    { "driver": "file", "read-only": true,
      "filename": "/some/place/my-image" }
    { "driver": "qcow2", "read-only": false,
      "backing": "/some/place/my-image", "lazy-refcounts": true }

The order of branches need not match the order of the enum values. The branches need not cover all possible enum values. In the resulting generated C data types, a union is represented as a struct with the base members in QAPI schema order, and then a union of structures for each branch of the struct.

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

The optional ‘features’ member specifies features. See Features below for more on this.

### Alternate types

Syntax:

    ALTERNATE = { 'alternate': STRING,
                  'data': ALTERNATIVES,
                  '*if': COND,
                  '*features': FEATURES }
    ALTERNATIVES = { ALTERNATIVE, ... }
    ALTERNATIVE = STRING : STRING
                | STRING : { 'type': STRING, '*if': COND }

Member ‘alternate’ names the alternate type.

Each ALTERNATIVE of the ‘data’ object defines a branch of the alternate. An alternate must have at least one branch.

The ALTERNATIVE’s STRING name is the branch name.

The ALTERNATIVE’s value defines the branch’s properties, in particular its type. The form STRING is shorthand for `{ 'type': STRING }`.

Example:

    { 'alternate': 'BlockdevRef',
      'data': { 'definition': 'BlockdevOptions',
                'reference': 'str' } }

An alternate type is like a union type, except there is no discriminator on the wire. Instead, the branch to use is inferred from the value. An alternate can only express a choice between types represented differently on the wire.

If a branch is typed as the ‘bool’ built-in, the alternate accepts true and false; if it is typed as any of the various numeric built-ins, it accepts a JSON number; if it is typed as a ‘str’ built-in or named enum type, it accepts a JSON string; if it is typed as the ‘null’ built-in, it accepts JSON null; and if it is typed as a complex type (struct or union), it accepts a JSON object.

The example alternate declaration above allows using both of the following example objects:

    { "file": "my_existing_block_device_id" }
    { "file": { "driver": "file",
                "read-only": false,
                "filename": "/tmp/mydisk.qcow2" } }

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

The optional ‘features’ member specifies features. See Features below for more on this.

### Commands

Syntax:

    COMMAND = { 'command': STRING,
                (
                '*data': ( MEMBERS | STRING ),
                |
                'data': STRING,
                'boxed': true,
                )
                '*returns': TYPE-REF,
                '*success-response': false,
                '*gen': false,
                '*allow-oob': true,
                '*allow-preconfig': true,
                '*coroutine': true,
                '*if': COND,
                '*features': FEATURES }

Member ‘command’ names the command.

Member ‘data’ defines the arguments. It defaults to an empty MEMBERS object.

If ‘data’ is a MEMBERS object, then MEMBERS defines arguments just like a struct type’s ‘data’ defines struct type members.

If ‘data’ is a STRING, then STRING names a complex type whose members are the arguments. A union type requires `'boxed': true`.

Member ‘returns’ defines the command’s return type. It defaults to an empty struct type. It must normally be a complex type or an array of a complex type. To return anything else, the command must be listed in pragma ‘commands-returns-exceptions’. If you do this, extending the command to return additional information will be harder. Use of the pragma for new commands is strongly discouraged.

A command’s error responses are not specified in the QAPI schema. Error conditions should be documented in comments.

In the Client JSON Protocol, the value of the “execute” or “exec-oob” member is the command name. The value of the “arguments” member then has to conform to the arguments, and the value of the success response’s “return” member will conform to the return type.

Some example commands:

    { 'command': 'my-first-command',
      'data': { 'arg1': 'str', '*arg2': 'str' } }
    { 'struct': 'MyType', 'data': { '*value': 'str' } }
    { 'command': 'my-second-command',
      'returns': [ 'MyType' ] }

which would validate this Client JSON Protocol transaction:

    => { "execute": "my-first-command",
         "arguments": { "arg1": "hello" } }
    <= { "return": { } }
    => { "execute": "my-second-command" }
    <= { "return": [ { "value": "one" }, { } ] }

The generator emits a prototype for the C function implementing the command. The function itself needs to be written by hand. See section Code generated for commands for examples.

The function returns the return type. When member ‘boxed’ is absent, it takes the command arguments as arguments one by one, in QAPI schema order. Else it takes them wrapped in the C struct generated for the complex argument type. It takes an additional `Error **` argument in either case.

The generator also emits a marshalling function that extracts arguments for the user’s function out of an input QDict, calls the user’s function, and if it succeeded, builds an output QObject from its return value. This is for use by the QMP monitor core.

In rare cases, QAPI cannot express a type-safe representation of a corresponding Client JSON Protocol command. You then have to suppress generation of a marshalling function by including a member ‘gen’ with boolean value false, and instead write your own function. For example:

    { 'command': 'netdev_add',
      'data': {'type': 'str', 'id': 'str'},
      'gen': false }

Please try to avoid adding new commands that rely on this, and instead use type-safe unions.

Normally, the QAPI schema is used to describe synchronous exchanges, where a response is expected. But in some cases, the action of a command is expected to change state in a way that a successful response is not possible (although the command will still return an error object on failure). When a successful reply is not possible, the command definition includes the optional member ‘success-response’ with boolean value false. So far, only QGA makes use of this member.

Member ‘allow-oob’ declares whether the command supports out-of-band (OOB) execution. It defaults to false. For example:

    { 'command': 'migrate_recover',
      'data': { 'uri': 'str' }, 'allow-oob': true }

See qmp-spec.txt for out-of-band execution syntax and semantics.

Commands supporting out-of-band execution can still be executed in-band.

When a command is executed in-band, its handler runs in the main thread with the BQL held.

When a command is executed out-of-band, its handler runs in a dedicated monitor I/O thread with the BQL not held.

An OOB-capable command handler must satisfy the following conditions:

- It terminates quickly.

- It does not invoke system calls that may block.

- It does not access guest RAM that may block when userfaultfd is enabled for postcopy live migration.

- It takes only “fast” locks, i.e. all critical sections protected by any lock it takes also satisfy the conditions for OOB command handler code.

The restrictions on locking limit access to shared state. Such access requires synchronization, but OOB commands can’t take the BQL or any other “slow” lock.

When in doubt, do not implement OOB execution support.

Member ‘allow-preconfig’ declares whether the command is available before the machine is built. It defaults to false. For example:

    { 'enum': 'QMPCapability',
      'data': [ 'oob' ] }
    { 'command': 'qmp_capabilities',
      'data': { '*enable': [ 'QMPCapability' ] },
      'allow-preconfig': true }

QMP is available before the machine is built only when QEMU was started with –preconfig.

Member ‘coroutine’ tells the QMP dispatcher whether the command handler is safe to be run in a coroutine. It defaults to false. If it is true, the command handler is called from coroutine context and may yield while waiting for an external event (such as I/O completion) in order to avoid blocking the guest and other background operations.

Coroutine safety can be hard to prove, similar to thread safety. Common pitfalls are:

- The global mutex isn’t held across `qemu_coroutine_yield()`, so operations that used to assume that they execute atomically may have to be more careful to protect against changes in the global state.

- Nested event loops (`AIO_WAIT_WHILE()` etc.) are problematic in coroutine context and can easily lead to deadlocks. They should be replaced by yielding and reentering the coroutine when the condition becomes false.

Since the command handler may assume coroutine context, any callers other than the QMP dispatcher must also call it in coroutine context. In particular, HMP commands calling such a QMP command handler must be marked `.coroutine = true` in hmp-commands.hx.

It is an error to specify both `'coroutine': true` and `'allow-oob': true` for a command. We don’t currently have a use case for both together and without a use case, it’s not entirely clear what the semantics should be.

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

The optional ‘features’ member specifies features. See Features below for more on this.

### Events

Syntax:

    EVENT = { 'event': STRING,
              (
              '*data': ( MEMBERS | STRING ),
              |
              'data': STRING,
              'boxed': true,
              )
              '*if': COND,
              '*features': FEATURES }

Member ‘event’ names the event. This is the event name used in the Client JSON Protocol.

Member ‘data’ defines the event-specific data. It defaults to an empty MEMBERS object.

If ‘data’ is a MEMBERS object, then MEMBERS defines event-specific data just like a struct type’s ‘data’ defines struct type members.

If ‘data’ is a STRING, then STRING names a complex type whose members are the event-specific data. A union type requires `'boxed': true`.

An example event is:

    { 'event': 'EVENT_C',
      'data': { '*a': 'int', 'b': 'str' } }

Resulting in this JSON object:

    { "event": "EVENT_C",
      "data": { "b": "test string" },
      "timestamp": { "seconds": 1267020223, "microseconds": 435656 } }

The generator emits a function to send the event. When member ‘boxed’ is absent, it takes event-specific data one by one, in QAPI schema order. Else it takes them wrapped in the C struct generated for the complex type. See section Code generated for events for examples.

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

The optional ‘features’ member specifies features. See Features below for more on this.

### Features

Syntax:

    FEATURES = [ FEATURE, ... ]
    FEATURE = STRING
            | { 'name': STRING, '*if': COND }

Sometimes, the behaviour of QEMU changes compatibly, but without a change in the QMP syntax (usually by allowing values or operations that previously resulted in an error). QMP clients may still need to know whether the extension is available.

For this purpose, a list of features can be specified for a command or struct type. Each list member can either be `{ 'name': STRING, '*if': COND }`, or STRING, which is shorthand for `{ 'name': STRING }`.

The optional ‘if’ member specifies a conditional. See Configuring the schema below for more on this.

Example:

    { 'struct': 'TestType',
      'data': { 'number': 'int' },
      'features': [ 'allow-negative-numbers' ] }

The feature strings are exposed to clients in introspection, as explained in section Client JSON Protocol introspection.

Intended use is to have each feature string signal that this build of QEMU shows a certain behaviour.

#### Special features

Feature “deprecated” marks a command, event, enum value, or struct member as deprecated. It is not supported elsewhere so far. Interfaces so marked may be withdrawn in future releases in accordance with QEMU’s deprecation policy.

Feature “unstable” marks a command, event, enum value, or struct member as unstable. It is not supported elsewhere so far. Interfaces so marked may be withdrawn or changed incompatibly in future releases.

### Naming rules and reserved names

All names must begin with a letter, and contain only ASCII letters, digits, hyphen, and underscore. There are two exceptions: enum values may start with a digit, and names that are downstream extensions (see section Downstream extensions) start with underscore.

Names beginning with `q_` are reserved for the generator, which uses them for munging QMP names that resemble C keywords or other problematic strings. For example, a member named `default` in qapi becomes `q_default` in the generated C code.

Types, commands, and events share a common namespace. Therefore, generally speaking, type definitions should always use CamelCase for user-defined type names, while built-in types are lowercase.

Type names ending with `Kind` or `List` are reserved for the generator, which uses them for implicit union enums and array types, respectively.

Command names, member names within a type, and feature names should be all lower case with words separated by a hyphen. However, some existing older commands and complex types use underscore; when extending them, consistency is preferred over blindly avoiding underscore.

Event names should be ALL_CAPS with words separated by underscore.

Member name `u` and names starting with `has-` or `has_` are reserved for the generator, which uses them for unions and for tracking optional members.

Names beginning with `x-` used to signify “experimental”. This convention has been replaced by special feature “unstable”.

Pragmas `command-name-exceptions` and `member-name-exceptions` let you violate naming rules. Use for new code is strongly discouraged. See Pragma directives for details.

### Downstream extensions

QAPI schema names that are externally visible, say in the Client JSON Protocol, need to be managed with care. Names starting with a downstream prefix of the form __RFQDN_ are reserved for the downstream who controls the valid, reverse fully qualified domain name RFQDN. RFQDN may only contain ASCII letters, digits, hyphen and period.

Example: Red Hat, Inc. controls redhat.com, and may therefore add a downstream command `__com.redhat_drive-mirror`.

### Configuring the schema

Syntax:

    COND = STRING
         | { 'all: [ COND, ... ] }
         | { 'any: [ COND, ... ] }
         | { 'not': COND }

All definitions take an optional ‘if’ member. Its value must be a string, or an object with a single member ‘all’, ‘any’ or ‘not’.

The C code generated for the definition will then be guarded by an #if preprocessing directive with an operand generated from that condition:

> - STRING will generate defined(STRING)

> - { ‘all’: [COND, …] } will generate (COND && …)

> - { ‘any’: [COND, …] } will generate (COND || …)

> - { ‘not’: COND } will generate !COND

Example: a conditional struct

    { 'struct': 'IfStruct', 'data': { 'foo': 'int' },
      'if': { 'all': [ 'CONFIG_FOO', 'HAVE_BAR' ] } }

gets its generated code guarded like this:

    #if defined(CONFIG_FOO) && defined(HAVE_BAR)
    ... generated code ...
    #endif /* defined(HAVE_BAR) && defined(CONFIG_FOO) */

Individual members of complex types, commands arguments, and event-specific data can also be made conditional. This requires the longhand form of MEMBER.

Example: a struct type with unconditional member ‘foo’ and conditional member ‘bar’

    { 'struct': 'IfStruct',
      'data': { 'foo': 'int',
                'bar': { 'type': 'int', 'if': 'IFCOND'} } }

A union’s discriminator may not be conditional.

Likewise, individual enumeration values be conditional. This requires the longhand form of ENUM-VALUE.

Example: an enum type with unconditional value ‘foo’ and conditional value ‘bar’

    { 'enum': 'IfEnum',
      'data': [ 'foo',
                { 'name' : 'bar', 'if': 'IFCOND' } ] }

Likewise, features can be conditional. This requires the longhand form of FEATURE.

Example: a struct with conditional feature ‘allow-negative-numbers’

    { 'struct': 'TestType',
      'data': { 'number': 'int' },
      'features': [ { 'name': 'allow-negative-numbers',
                      'if': 'IFCOND' } ] }

Please note that you are responsible to ensure that the C code will compile with an arbitrary combination of conditions, since the generator is unable to check it at this point.

The conditions apply to introspection as well, i.e. introspection shows a conditional entity only when the condition is satisfied in this particular build.

### Documentation comments

A multi-line comment that starts and ends with a `##` line is a documentation comment.

If the documentation comment starts like

    ##
    # @SYMBOL:

it documents the definition of SYMBOL, else it’s free-form documentation.

See below for more on Definition documentation.

Free-form documentation may be used to provide additional text and structuring content.

#### Headings and subheadings

A free-form documentation comment containing a line which starts with some `=` symbols and then a space defines a section heading:

    ##
    # = This is a top level heading
    #
    # This is a free-form comment which will go under the
    # top level heading.
    ##

    ##
    # == This is a second level heading
    ##

A heading line must be the first line of the documentation comment block.

Section headings must always be correctly nested, so you can only define a third-level heading inside a second-level heading, and so on.

#### Documentation markup

Documentation comments can use most rST markup. In particular, a `::` literal block can be used for examples:

    # ::
    #
    #   Text of the example, may span
    #   multiple lines

`*` starts an itemized list:

    # * First item, may span
    #   multiple lines
    # * Second item

You can also use `-` instead of `*`.

A decimal number followed by `.` starts a numbered list:

    # 1. First item, may span
    #    multiple lines
    # 2. Second item

The actual number doesn’t matter.

Lists of either kind must be preceded and followed by a blank line. If a list item’s text spans multiple lines, then the second and subsequent lines must be correctly indented to line up with the first character of the first line.

The usual **strong**, *emphasized* and ```literal``` markup should be used. If you need a single literal `*`, you will need to backslash-escape it. As an extension beyond the usual rST syntax, you can also use `@foo` to reference a name in the schema; this is rendered the same way as ```foo```.

Example:

    ##
    # Some text foo with **bold** and *emphasis*
    # 1. with a list
    # 2. like that
    #
    # And some code:
    #
    # ::
    #
    #   $ echo foo
    #   -> do this
    #   <- get that
    ##

#### Definition documentation

Definition documentation, if present, must immediately precede the definition it documents.

When documentation is required (see pragma ‘doc-required’), every definition must have documentation.

Definition documentation starts with a line naming the definition, followed by an optional overview, a description of each argument (for commands and events), member (for structs and unions), branch (for alternates), or value (for enums), a description of each feature (if any), and finally optional tagged sections.

The description of an argument or feature ‘name’ starts with ‘@name:’. The description text can start on the line following the ‘@name:’, in which case it must not be indented at all. It can also start on the same line as the ‘@name:’. In this case if it spans multiple lines then second and subsequent lines must be indented to line up with the first character of the first line of the description:

    # @argone:
    # This is a two line description
    # in the first style.
    #
    # @argtwo: This is a two line description
    #          in the second style.

The number of spaces between the ‘:’ and the text is not significant.

FIXME

The parser accepts these things in almost any order.

FIXME

union branches should be described, too.

Extensions added after the definition was first released carry a ‘(since x.y.z)’ comment.

The feature descriptions must be preceded by a line “Features:”, like this:

    # Features:
    # @feature: Description text

A tagged section starts with one of the following words: “Note:”/”Notes:”, “Since:”, “Example”/”Examples”, “Returns:”, “TODO:”. The section ends with the start of a new section.

The text of a section can start on a new line, in which case it must not be indented at all. It can also start on the same line as the ‘Note:’, ‘Returns:’, etc tag. In this case if it spans multiple lines then second and subsequent lines must be indented to match the first, in the same way as multiline argument descriptions.

A ‘Since: x.y.z’ tagged section lists the release that introduced the definition.

An ‘Example’ or ‘Examples’ section is automatically rendered entirely as literal fixed-width text. In other sections, the text is formatted, and rST markup can be used.

For example:

    ##
    # @BlockStats:
    #
    # Statistics of a virtual block device or a block backing device.
    #
    # @device: If the stats are for a virtual block device, the name
    #          corresponding to the virtual block device.
    #
    # @node-name: The node name of the device. (since 2.3)
    #
    # ... more members ...
    #
    # Since: 0.14.0
    ##
    { 'struct': 'BlockStats',
      'data': {'*device': 'str', '*node-name': 'str',
               ... more members ... } }

    ##
    # @query-blockstats:
    #
    # Query the @BlockStats for all virtual block devices.
    #
    # @query-nodes: If true, the command will query all the
    #               block nodes ... explain, explain ...  (since 2.3)
    #
    # Returns: A list of @BlockStats for each virtual block devices.
    #
    # Since: 0.14.0
    #
    # Example:
    #
    # -> { "execute": "query-blockstats" }
    # <- {
    #      ... lots of output ...
    #    }
    #
    ##
    { 'command': 'query-blockstats',
      'data': { '*query-nodes': 'bool' },
      'returns': ['BlockStats'] }

## Client JSON Protocol introspection

Clients of a Client JSON Protocol commonly need to figure out what exactly the server (QEMU) supports.

For this purpose, QMP provides introspection via command query-qmp-schema. QGA currently doesn’t support introspection.

While Client JSON Protocol wire compatibility should be maintained between qemu versions, we cannot make the same guarantees for introspection stability. For example, one version of qemu may provide a non-variant optional member of a struct, and a later version rework the member to instead be non-optional and associated with a variant. Likewise, one version of qemu may list a member with open-ended type ‘str’, and a later version could convert it to a finite set of strings via an enum type; or a member may be converted from a specific type to an alternate that represents a choice between the original type and something else.

query-qmp-schema returns a JSON array of SchemaInfo objects. These objects together describe the wire ABI, as defined in the QAPI schema. There is no specified order to the SchemaInfo objects returned; a client must search for a particular name throughout the entire array to learn more about that name, but is at least guaranteed that there will be no collisions between type, command, and event names.

However, the SchemaInfo can’t reflect all the rules and restrictions that apply to QMP. It’s interface introspection (figuring out what’s there), not interface specification. The specification is in the QAPI schema. To understand how QMP is to be used, you need to study the QAPI schema.

Like any other command, query-qmp-schema is itself defined in the QAPI schema, along with the SchemaInfo type. This text attempts to give an overview how things work. For details you need to consult the QAPI schema.

SchemaInfo objects have common members “name”, “meta-type”, “features”, and additional variant members depending on the value of meta-type.

Each SchemaInfo object describes a wire ABI entity of a certain meta-type: a command, event or one of several kinds of type.

SchemaInfo for commands and events have the same name as in the QAPI schema.

Command and event names are part of the wire ABI, but type names are not. Therefore, the SchemaInfo for types have auto-generated meaningless names. For readability, the examples in this section use meaningful type names instead.

Optional member “features” exposes the entity’s feature strings as a JSON array of strings.

To examine a type, start with a command or event using it, then follow references by name.

QAPI schema definitions not reachable that way are omitted.

The SchemaInfo for a command has meta-type “command”, and variant members “arg-type”, “ret-type” and “allow-oob”. On the wire, the “arguments” member of a client’s “execute” command must conform to the object type named by “arg-type”. The “return” member that the server passes in a success response conforms to the type named by “ret-type”. When “allow-oob” is true, it means the command supports out-of-band execution. It defaults to false.

If the command takes no arguments, “arg-type” names an object type without members. Likewise, if the command returns nothing, “ret-type” names an object type without members.

Example: the SchemaInfo for command query-qmp-schema

    { "name": "query-qmp-schema", "meta-type": "command",
      "arg-type": "q_empty", "ret-type": "SchemaInfoList" }

      Type "q_empty" is an automatic object type without members, and type
      "SchemaInfoList" is the array of SchemaInfo type.

The SchemaInfo for an event has meta-type “event”, and variant member “arg-type”. On the wire, a “data” member that the server passes in an event conforms to the object type named by “arg-type”.

If the event carries no additional information, “arg-type” names an object type without members. The event may not have a data member on the wire then.

Each command or event defined with ‘data’ as MEMBERS object in the QAPI schema implicitly defines an object type.

Example: the SchemaInfo for EVENT_C from section Events

    { "name": "EVENT_C", "meta-type": "event",
      "arg-type": "q_obj-EVENT_C-arg" }

    Type "q_obj-EVENT_C-arg" is an implicitly defined object type with
    the two members from the event's definition.

The SchemaInfo for struct and union types has meta-type “object”.

The SchemaInfo for a struct type has variant member “members”.

The SchemaInfo for a union type additionally has variant members “tag” and “variants”.

“members” is a JSON array describing the object’s common members, if any. Each element is a JSON object with members “name” (the member’s name), “type” (the name of its type), “features” (a JSON array of feature strings), and “default”. The latter two are optional. The member is optional if “default” is present. Currently, “default” can only have value null. Other values are reserved for future extensions. The “members” array is in no particular order; clients must search the entire object when learning whether a particular member is supported.

Example: the SchemaInfo for MyType from section Struct types

    { "name": "MyType", "meta-type": "object",
      "members": [
          { "name": "member1", "type": "str" },
          { "name": "member2", "type": "int" },
          { "name": "member3", "type": "str", "default": null } ] }

“features” exposes the command’s feature strings as a JSON array of strings.

Example: the SchemaInfo for TestType from section Features:

    { "name": "TestType", "meta-type": "object",
      "members": [
          { "name": "number", "type": "int" } ],
      "features": ["allow-negative-numbers"] }

“tag” is the name of the common member serving as type tag. “variants” is a JSON array describing the object’s variant members. Each element is a JSON object with members “case” (the value of type tag this element applies to) and “type” (the name of an object type that provides the variant members for this type tag value). The “variants” array is in no particular order, and is not guaranteed to list cases in the same order as the corresponding “tag” enum type.

Example: the SchemaInfo for union BlockdevOptions from section Union types

    { "name": "BlockdevOptions", "meta-type": "object",
      "members": [
          { "name": "driver", "type": "BlockdevDriver" },
          { "name": "read-only", "type": "bool", "default": null } ],
      "tag": "driver",
      "variants": [
          { "case": "file", "type": "BlockdevOptionsFile" },
          { "case": "qcow2", "type": "BlockdevOptionsQcow2" } ] }

Note that base types are “flattened”: its members are included in the “members” array.

The SchemaInfo for an alternate type has meta-type “alternate”, and variant member “members”. “members” is a JSON array. Each element is a JSON object with member “type”, which names a type. Values of the alternate type conform to exactly one of its member types. There is no guarantee on the order in which “members” will be listed.

Example: the SchemaInfo for BlockdevRef from section Alternate types

    { "name": "BlockdevRef", "meta-type": "alternate",
      "members": [
          { "type": "BlockdevOptions" },
          { "type": "str" } ] }

The SchemaInfo for an array type has meta-type “array”, and variant member “element-type”, which names the array’s element type. Array types are implicitly defined. For convenience, the array’s name may resemble the element type; however, clients should examine member “element-type” instead of making assumptions based on parsing member “name”.

Example: the SchemaInfo for [‘str’]

    { "name": "[str]", "meta-type": "array",
      "element-type": "str" }

The SchemaInfo for an enumeration type has meta-type “enum” and variant member “members”.

“members” is a JSON array describing the enumeration values. Each element is a JSON object with member “name” (the member’s name), and optionally “features” (a JSON array of feature strings). The “members” array is in no particular order; clients must search the entire array when learning whether a particular value is supported.

Example: the SchemaInfo for MyEnum from section Enumeration types

    { "name": "MyEnum", "meta-type": "enum",
      "members": [
        { "name": "value1" },
        { "name": "value2" },
        { "name": "value3" }
      ] }

The SchemaInfo for a built-in type has the same name as the type in the QAPI schema (see section Built-in Types), with one exception detailed below. It has variant member “json-type” that shows how values of this type are encoded on the wire.

Example: the SchemaInfo for str

    { "name": "str", "meta-type": "builtin", "json-type": "string" }

The QAPI schema supports a number of integer types that only differ in how they map to C. They are identical as far as SchemaInfo is concerned. Therefore, they get all mapped to a single type “int” in SchemaInfo.

As explained above, type names are not part of the wire ABI. Not even the names of built-in types. Clients should examine member “json-type” instead of hard-coding names of built-in types.

## Compatibility considerations

Maintaining backward compatibility at the Client JSON Protocol level while evolving the schema requires some care. This section is about syntactic compatibility, which is necessary, but not sufficient, for actual compatibility.

Clients send commands with argument data, and receive command responses with return data and events with event data.

Adding opt-in functionality to the send direction is backwards compatible: adding commands, optional arguments, enumeration values, union and alternate branches; turning an argument type into an alternate of that type; making mandatory arguments optional. Clients oblivious of the new functionality continue to work.

Incompatible changes include removing commands, command arguments, enumeration values, union and alternate branches, adding mandatory command arguments, and making optional arguments mandatory.

The specified behavior of an absent optional argument should remain the same. With proper documentation, this policy still allows some flexibility; for example, when an optional ‘buffer-size’ argument is specified to default to a sensible buffer size, the actual default value can still be changed. The specified default behavior is not the exact size of the buffer, only that the default size is sensible.

Adding functionality to the receive direction is generally backwards compatible: adding events, adding return and event data members. Clients are expected to ignore the ones they don’t know.

Removing “unreachable” stuff like events that can’t be triggered anymore, optional return or event data members that can’t be sent anymore, and return or event data member (enumeration) values that can’t be sent anymore makes no difference to clients, except for introspection. The latter can conceivably confuse clients, so tread carefully.

Incompatible changes include removing return and event data members.

Any change to a command definition’s ‘data’ or one of the types used there (recursively) needs to consider send direction compatibility.

Any change to a command definition’s ‘return’, an event definition’s ‘data’, or one of the types used there (recursively) needs to consider receive direction compatibility.

Any change to types used in both contexts need to consider both.

Enumeration type values and complex and alternate type members may be reordered freely. For enumerations and alternate types, this doesn’t affect the wire encoding. For complex types, this might make the implementation emit JSON object members in a different order, which the Client JSON Protocol permits.

Since type names are not visible in the Client JSON Protocol, types may be freely renamed. Even certain refactorings are invisible, such as splitting members from one type into a common base type.

## Code generation

The QAPI code generator qapi-gen.py generates code and documentation from the schema. Together with the core QAPI libraries, this code provides everything required to take JSON commands read in by a Client JSON Protocol server, unmarshal the arguments into the underlying C types, call into the corresponding C function, map the response back to a Client JSON Protocol response to be returned to the user, and introspect the commands.

As an example, we’ll use the following schema, which describes a single complex user-defined type, along with command which takes a list of that type as a parameter, and returns a single element of that type. The user is responsible for writing the implementation of qmp_my_command(); everything else is produced by the generator.

    $ cat example-schema.json
    { 'struct': 'UserDefOne',
      'data': { 'integer': 'int', '*string': 'str' } }

    { 'command': 'my-command',
      'data': { 'arg1': ['UserDefOne'] },
      'returns': 'UserDefOne' }

    { 'event': 'MY_EVENT' }

We run qapi-gen.py like this:

    $ python scripts/qapi-gen.py --output-dir="qapi-generated" \
    --prefix="example-" example-schema.json

For a more thorough look at generated code, the testsuite includes tests/qapi-schema/qapi-schema-tests.json that covers more examples of what the generator will accept, and compiles the resulting C code as part of ‘make check-unit’.

### Code generated for QAPI types

The following files are created:

> `$(prefix)qapi-types.h`

>   C types corresponding to types defined in the schema

> `$(prefix)qapi-types.c`

>   Cleanup functions for the above C types

The $(prefix) is an optional parameter used as a namespace to keep the generated code from one schema/code-generation separated from others so code can be generated/used from multiple schemas without clobbering previously created code.

Example:

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-types.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES_H

    #include "qapi/qapi-builtin-types.h"

    typedef struct UserDefOne UserDefOne;

    typedef struct UserDefOneList UserDefOneList;

    typedef struct q_obj_my_command_arg q_obj_my_command_arg;

    struct UserDefOne {
        int64_t integer;
        bool has_string;
        char *string;
    };

    void qapi_free_UserDefOne(UserDefOne *obj);
    G_DEFINE_AUTOPTR_CLEANUP_FUNC(UserDefOne, qapi_free_UserDefOne)

    struct UserDefOneList {
        UserDefOneList *next;
        UserDefOne *value;
    };

    void qapi_free_UserDefOneList(UserDefOneList *obj);
    G_DEFINE_AUTOPTR_CLEANUP_FUNC(UserDefOneList, qapi_free_UserDefOneList)

    struct q_obj_my_command_arg {
        UserDefOneList *arg1;
    };

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_TYPES_H */
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-types.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    void qapi_free_UserDefOne(UserDefOne *obj)
    {
        Visitor *v;

        if (!obj) {
            return;
        }

        v = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
        visit_type_UserDefOne(v, NULL, &obj, NULL);
        visit_free(v);
    }

    void qapi_free_UserDefOneList(UserDefOneList *obj)
    {
        Visitor *v;

        if (!obj) {
            return;
        }

        v = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
        visit_type_UserDefOneList(v, NULL, &obj, NULL);
        visit_free(v);
    }

    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

For a modular QAPI schema (see section Include directives), code for each sub-module SUBDIR/SUBMODULE.json is actually generated into

    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-types-SUBMODULE.h
    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-types-SUBMODULE.c

If qapi-gen.py is run with option –builtins, additional files are created:

> `qapi-builtin-types.h`

>   C types corresponding to built-in types

> `qapi-builtin-types.c`

>   Cleanup functions for the above C types

### Code generated for visiting QAPI types

These are the visitor functions used to walk through and convert between a native QAPI C data structure and some other format (such as QObject); the generated functions are named visit_type_FOO() and visit_type_FOO_members().

The following files are generated:

> `$(prefix)qapi-visit.c`

>   Visitor function for a particular C type, used to automagically convert QObjects into the corresponding C type and vice-versa, as well as for deallocating memory for an existing C type

> `$(prefix)qapi-visit.h`

>   Declarations for previously mentioned visitor functions

Example:

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-visit.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT_H

    #include "qapi/qapi-builtin-visit.h"
    #include "example-qapi-types.h"

    bool visit_type_UserDefOne_members(Visitor *v, UserDefOne *obj, Error **errp);

    bool visit_type_UserDefOne(Visitor *v, const char *name,
                     UserDefOne **obj, Error **errp);

    bool visit_type_UserDefOneList(Visitor *v, const char *name,
                     UserDefOneList **obj, Error **errp);

    bool visit_type_q_obj_my_command_arg_members(Visitor *v, q_obj_my_command_arg *obj, Error **errp);

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_VISIT_H */
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-visit.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    bool visit_type_UserDefOne_members(Visitor *v, UserDefOne *obj, Error **errp)
    {
        if (!visit_type_int(v, "integer", &obj->integer, errp)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (visit_optional(v, "string", &obj->has_string)) {
            if (!visit_type_str(v, "string", &obj->string, errp)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    bool visit_type_UserDefOne(Visitor *v, const char *name,
                     UserDefOne **obj, Error **errp)
    {
        bool ok = false;

        if (!visit_start_struct(v, name, (void **)obj, sizeof(UserDefOne), errp)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!*obj) {
            /* incomplete */
            assert(visit_is_dealloc(v));
            ok = true;
            goto out_obj;
        }
        if (!visit_type_UserDefOne_members(v, *obj, errp)) {
            goto out_obj;
        }
        ok = visit_check_struct(v, errp);
    out_obj:
        visit_end_struct(v, (void **)obj);
        if (!ok && visit_is_input(v)) {
            qapi_free_UserDefOne(*obj);
            *obj = NULL;
        }
        return ok;
    }

    bool visit_type_UserDefOneList(Visitor *v, const char *name,
                     UserDefOneList **obj, Error **errp)
    {
        bool ok = false;
        UserDefOneList *tail;
        size_t size = sizeof(**obj);

        if (!visit_start_list(v, name, (GenericList **)obj, size, errp)) {
            return false;
        }

        for (tail = *obj; tail;
             tail = (UserDefOneList *)visit_next_list(v, (GenericList *)tail, size)) {
            if (!visit_type_UserDefOne(v, NULL, &tail->value, errp)) {
                goto out_obj;
            }
        }

        ok = visit_check_list(v, errp);
    out_obj:
        visit_end_list(v, (void **)obj);
        if (!ok && visit_is_input(v)) {
            qapi_free_UserDefOneList(*obj);
            *obj = NULL;
        }
        return ok;
    }

    bool visit_type_q_obj_my_command_arg_members(Visitor *v, q_obj_my_command_arg *obj, Error **errp)
    {
        if (!visit_type_UserDefOneList(v, "arg1", &obj->arg1, errp)) {
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

For a modular QAPI schema (see section Include directives), code for each sub-module SUBDIR/SUBMODULE.json is actually generated into

    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-visit-SUBMODULE.h
    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-visit-SUBMODULE.c

If qapi-gen.py is run with option –builtins, additional files are created:

> `qapi-builtin-visit.h`

>   Visitor functions for built-in types

> `qapi-builtin-visit.c`

>   Declarations for these visitor functions

### Code generated for commands

These are the marshaling/dispatch functions for the commands defined in the schema. The generated code provides qmp_marshal_COMMAND(), and declares qmp_COMMAND() that the user must implement.

The following files are generated:

> `$(prefix)qapi-commands.c`

>   Command marshal/dispatch functions for each QMP command defined in the schema

> `$(prefix)qapi-commands.h`

>   Function prototypes for the QMP commands specified in the schema

> `$(prefix)qapi-commands.trace-events`

>   Trace event declarations, see Tracing.

> `$(prefix)qapi-init-commands.h`

>   Command initialization prototype

> `$(prefix)qapi-init-commands.c`

>   Command initialization code

Example:

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-commands.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_COMMANDS_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_COMMANDS_H

    #include "example-qapi-types.h"

    UserDefOne *qmp_my_command(UserDefOneList *arg1, Error **errp);
    void qmp_marshal_my_command(QDict *args, QObject **ret, Error **errp);

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_COMMANDS_H */

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-commands.trace-events
    # AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY

    qmp_enter_my_command(const char *json) "%s"
    qmp_exit_my_command(const char *result, bool succeeded) "%s %d"

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-commands.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    static void qmp_marshal_output_UserDefOne(UserDefOne *ret_in,
                                    QObject **ret_out, Error **errp)
    {
        Visitor *v;

        v = qobject_output_visitor_new_qmp(ret_out);
        if (visit_type_UserDefOne(v, "unused", &ret_in, errp)) {
            visit_complete(v, ret_out);
        }
        visit_free(v);
        v = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
        visit_type_UserDefOne(v, "unused", &ret_in, NULL);
        visit_free(v);
    }

    void qmp_marshal_my_command(QDict *args, QObject **ret, Error **errp)
    {
        Error *err = NULL;
        bool ok = false;
        Visitor *v;
        UserDefOne *retval;
        q_obj_my_command_arg arg = {0};

        v = qobject_input_visitor_new_qmp(QOBJECT(args));
        if (!visit_start_struct(v, NULL, NULL, 0, errp)) {
            goto out;
        }
        if (visit_type_q_obj_my_command_arg_members(v, &arg, errp)) {
            ok = visit_check_struct(v, errp);
        }
        visit_end_struct(v, NULL);
        if (!ok) {
            goto out;
        }

        if (trace_event_get_state_backends(TRACE_QMP_ENTER_MY_COMMAND)) {
            g_autoptr(GString) req_json = qobject_to_json(QOBJECT(args));

            trace_qmp_enter_my_command(req_json->str);
        }

        retval = qmp_my_command(arg.arg1, &err);
        if (err) {
            trace_qmp_exit_my_command(error_get_pretty(err), false);
            error_propagate(errp, err);
            goto out;
        }

        qmp_marshal_output_UserDefOne(retval, ret, errp);

        if (trace_event_get_state_backends(TRACE_QMP_EXIT_MY_COMMAND)) {
            g_autoptr(GString) ret_json = qobject_to_json(*ret);

            trace_qmp_exit_my_command(ret_json->str, true);
        }

    out:
        visit_free(v);
        v = qapi_dealloc_visitor_new();
        visit_start_struct(v, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL);
        visit_type_q_obj_my_command_arg_members(v, &arg, NULL);
        visit_end_struct(v, NULL);
        visit_free(v);
    }

    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-init-commands.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]
    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_INIT_COMMANDS_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_INIT_COMMANDS_H

    #include "qapi/qmp/dispatch.h"

    void example_qmp_init_marshal(QmpCommandList *cmds);

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_INIT_COMMANDS_H */
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-init-commands.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]
    void example_qmp_init_marshal(QmpCommandList *cmds)
    {
        QTAILQ_INIT(cmds);

        qmp_register_command(cmds, "my-command",
                             qmp_marshal_my_command, QCO_NO_OPTIONS);
    }
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

For a modular QAPI schema (see section Include directives), code for each sub-module SUBDIR/SUBMODULE.json is actually generated into:

    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-commands-SUBMODULE.h
    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-commands-SUBMODULE.c

### Code generated for events

This is the code related to events defined in the schema, providing qapi_event_send_EVENT().

The following files are created:

> `$(prefix)qapi-events.h`

>   Function prototypes for each event type

> `$(prefix)qapi-events.c`

>   Implementation of functions to send an event

> `$(prefix)qapi-emit-events.h`

>   Enumeration of all event names, and common event code declarations

> `$(prefix)qapi-emit-events.c`

>   Common event code definitions

Example:

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-events.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENTS_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENTS_H

    #include "qapi/util.h"
    #include "example-qapi-types.h"

    void qapi_event_send_my_event(void);

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENTS_H */
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-events.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    void qapi_event_send_my_event(void)
    {
        QDict *qmp;

        qmp = qmp_event_build_dict("MY_EVENT");

        example_qapi_event_emit(EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENT_MY_EVENT, qmp);

        qobject_unref(qmp);
    }

    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-emit-events.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_EMIT_EVENTS_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_EMIT_EVENTS_H

    #include "qapi/util.h"

    typedef enum example_QAPIEvent {
        EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENT_MY_EVENT,
        EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENT__MAX,
    } example_QAPIEvent;

    #define example_QAPIEvent_str(val) \
        qapi_enum_lookup(&example_QAPIEvent_lookup, (val))

    extern const QEnumLookup example_QAPIEvent_lookup;

    void example_qapi_event_emit(example_QAPIEvent event, QDict *qdict);

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_EMIT_EVENTS_H */
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-emit-events.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    const QEnumLookup example_QAPIEvent_lookup = {
        .array = (const char *const[]) {
            [EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENT_MY_EVENT] = "MY_EVENT",
        },
        .size = EXAMPLE_QAPI_EVENT__MAX
    };

    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

For a modular QAPI schema (see section Include directives), code for each sub-module SUBDIR/SUBMODULE.json is actually generated into

    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-events-SUBMODULE.h
    SUBDIR/$(prefix)qapi-events-SUBMODULE.c

### Code generated for introspection

The following files are created:

> `$(prefix)qapi-introspect.c`

>   Defines a string holding a JSON description of the schema

> `$(prefix)qapi-introspect.h`

>   Declares the above string

Example:

    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-introspect.h
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    #ifndef EXAMPLE_QAPI_INTROSPECT_H
    #define EXAMPLE_QAPI_INTROSPECT_H

    #include "qapi/qmp/qlit.h"

    extern const QLitObject example_qmp_schema_qlit;

    #endif /* EXAMPLE_QAPI_INTROSPECT_H */
    $ cat qapi-generated/example-qapi-introspect.c
    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]

    const QLitObject example_qmp_schema_qlit = QLIT_QLIST(((QLitObject[]) {
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "arg-type", QLIT_QSTR("0"), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("command"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("my-command"), },
            { "ret-type", QLIT_QSTR("1"), },
            {}
        })),
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "arg-type", QLIT_QSTR("2"), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("event"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("MY_EVENT"), },
            {}
        })),
        /* "0" = q_obj_my-command-arg */
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "members", QLIT_QLIST(((QLitObject[]) {
                QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
                    { "name", QLIT_QSTR("arg1"), },
                    { "type", QLIT_QSTR("[1]"), },
                    {}
                })),
                {}
            })), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("object"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("0"), },
            {}
        })),
        /* "1" = UserDefOne */
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "members", QLIT_QLIST(((QLitObject[]) {
                QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
                    { "name", QLIT_QSTR("integer"), },
                    { "type", QLIT_QSTR("int"), },
                    {}
                })),
                QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
                    { "default", QLIT_QNULL, },
                    { "name", QLIT_QSTR("string"), },
                    { "type", QLIT_QSTR("str"), },
                    {}
                })),
                {}
            })), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("object"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("1"), },
            {}
        })),
        /* "2" = q_empty */
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "members", QLIT_QLIST(((QLitObject[]) {
                {}
            })), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("object"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("2"), },
            {}
        })),
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "element-type", QLIT_QSTR("1"), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("array"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("[1]"), },
            {}
        })),
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "json-type", QLIT_QSTR("int"), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("builtin"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("int"), },
            {}
        })),
        QLIT_QDICT(((QLitDictEntry[]) {
            { "json-type", QLIT_QSTR("string"), },
            { "meta-type", QLIT_QSTR("builtin"), },
            { "name", QLIT_QSTR("str"), },
            {}
        })),
        {}
    }));

    [Uninteresting stuff omitted...]