LilyPond snippets: Expressive marks

# Expressive marks

Expressive marks

## Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms

LilyPond syntax can involve many unusual placements for parentheses, brackets etc., which might sometimes have to be interleaved.

For example, when entering a manual beam, the left square bracket has to be placed after the starting note and its duration, not before. Similarly, the right square bracket should directly follow the note which is to be at the end of the requested beaming, even if this note happens to be inside a tuplet section.

This snippet demonstrates how to combine manual beaming, manual slurs, ties and phrasing slurs with tuplet sections (enclosed within curly braces).

    {
      r16[ g16 \tuplet 3/2 { r16 e'8] }
      g16( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d e') }
      g8[( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d') e'] ~ }
      \time 2/4
      \tuplet 5/4 { e'32\( a b d' e' } a'4.\)
    }

## Adding parentheses around an expressive mark or chordal note

The `\parenthesize` function is a special tweak that encloses objects in parentheses. The associated grob is `Parentheses`.

    \relative c' {
      c2-\parenthesize ->
      \override Parentheses.padding = #0.1
      \override Parentheses.font-size = #-4
      <d \parenthesize f a>2
    }

## Adding timing marks to long glissandi

Skipped beats in very long glissandi are sometimes indicated by timing marks, often consisting of stems without noteheads. Such stems can also be used to carry intermediate expression markings.

If the stems do not align well with the glissando, they may need to be repositioned slightly.

    glissandoSkipOn = {
      \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t
      \hide NoteHead
      \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t
    }

    glissandoSkipOff = {
      \revert NoteColumn.glissando-skip
      \undo \hide NoteHead
      \revert NoteHead.no-ledgers
    }

    \relative c'' {
      r8 f8\glissando
      \glissandoSkipOn
      f4 g a a8\noBeam
      \glissandoSkipOff
      a8

      r8 f8\glissando
      \glissandoSkipOn
      g4 a8
      \glissandoSkipOff
      a8 |

      r4 f\glissando \<
      \glissandoSkipOn
      a4\f \>
      \glissandoSkipOff
      b8\! r |
    }

## Das Aussehen von unbestimmten Glissandi anpassen

Die `shortest-duration-space`-Eigenschaft kann verändert werden, um das Aussehen von unbestimmten Glissandi anzupassen.

    \relative c'' {
      \override Score.SpacingSpanner.shortest-duration-space = #4.0
      c2-\bendAfter #5
      c2-\bendAfter #-4.75
      c2-\bendAfter #8.5
      c2-\bendAfter #-6
    }

## Aligning the ends of hairpins to NoteColumn directions

The ends of hairpins may be aligned to the `LEFT`, `CENTER` or `RIGHT` of `NoteColumn` grobs by overriding the property `endpoint-alignments`, which is a pair of numbers representing the left and right ends of the hairpin. `endpoint-alignments` are expected to be directions (either -1, 0 or 1). Other values will be transformed with a warning. The right end of a hairpin terminating at a rest is not affected, always ending at the left edge of the rest.

    {
      c'2\< <c' d'>\! |
      \override Hairpin.endpoint-alignments = #'(1 . -1)
      c'2\< <c' d'>\! |
      \override Hairpin.endpoint-alignments = #`(,LEFT . ,CENTER)
      c'2\< <c' d'>\! |
    }

## Alternative breve notes

Breve notes are also available with two vertical lines on each side of the notehead instead of one line and in baroque style.

    \relative c'' {
      \time 4/2
      c\breve |
      \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'altdefault
      b\breve
      \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'baroque
      b\breve
      \revert Staff.NoteHead.style
      a\breve
    }

## Asymmetric slurs

Slurs can be made asymmetric to match an asymmetric pattern of notes better.

    slurNotes = { d,8( a' d f a f' d, a) }

    \relative c' {
      \stemDown
      \slurUp
      \slurNotes
      \once \override Slur.eccentricity = #3.0
      \slurNotes
    }

## Breathing signs

Breathing signs are available in different tastes: commas (default), ticks, vees and „railroad tracks“ (caesura).

    \new Staff \relative c'' {
      \key es \major
      \time 3/4
      % this bar contains no \breathe
      << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 bes es } >> |
      % Modern notation:
      % by default, \breathe uses the rcomma, just as if saying:
      % \override BreathingSign.text =
      %   #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rcomma")
      << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> |

      % rvarcomma and lvarcomma are variations of the default rcomma
      % and lcomma
      % N.B.: must use Staff context here, since we start a Voice below
      \override Staff.BreathingSign.text =
        \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" }
      << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> |

      % raltcomma and laltcomma are alternative variations of the
      % default rcomma and lcomma
      \override Staff.BreathingSign.text =
        \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.raltcomma" }
      << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> |

      % vee
      \override BreathingSign.text =
        \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.upbow" }
      es8[ d es f g] \breathe f |

      % caesura
      \override BreathingSign.text =
        \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" }
      es8[ d] \breathe es[ f g f] |
      es2 r4 \bar "||"
    }

## Broken Crescendo Hairpin

In order to make parts of a crescendo hairpin invisible, the following method is used: A white rectangle is drawn on top of the respective part of the crescendo hairpin, making it invisible. The rectangle is defined as postscript code within a text markup.

The markup command `with-dimensions` tells LilyPond to consider only the bottom edge of the rectangle when spacing it against the hairpin. The property `staff-padding` prevents the rectangle from fitting between the hairpin and staff.

Make sure the hairpin is in a lower layer than the text markup to draw the rectangle over the hairpin.

    \relative c' {
      <<
        {
          \dynamicUp
          r2 r16 c'8.\pp r4
        }
        \\
        {
          \override DynamicLineSpanner.layer = #0
          des,2\mf\< ~
          \override TextScript.layer = #2
          \once\override TextScript.staff-padding = #6
          \once\override TextScript.vertical-skylines = #'()
          des16_\markup \with-dimensions #'(2 . 7) #'(0 . 0)
                        \with-color #white
                        \filled-box #'(2 . 7) #'(0 . 2) #0
          r8. des4 ~ des16->\sff r8.
        }
      >>
    }

## Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata

A caesura is sometimes denoted by a double „railtracks“ breath mark with a fermata sign positioned above. This snippet shows an optically pleasing combination of railtracks and fermata.

    \relative c'' {
      c2.
      % construct the symbol
      \override BreathingSign.text = \markup {
        \override #'(direction . 1)
        \override #'(baseline-skip . 1.8)
        \dir-column {
          \translate #'(0.155 . 0)
            \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved"
          \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.ufermata"
        }
      }
      \breathe c4
      % set the breathe mark back to normal
      \revert BreathingSign.text
      c2. \breathe c4
      \bar "|."
    }

## Center text below hairpin dynamics

This example provides a function to typeset a hairpin (de)crescendo with some additional text below it, such as „molto“ or „poco“. The added text will change the direction according to the direction of the hairpin. The Hairpin is aligned to DynamicText.

The example also illustrates how to modify the way an object is normally printed, using some Scheme code.

    \paper { tagline = ##f }

    hairpinWithCenteredText =
    #(define-music-function (text) (markup?)
      #{
        \once \override Voice.Hairpin.after-line-breaking =
          #(lambda (grob)
            (let* ((stencil (ly:hairpin::print grob))
                   (par-y (ly:grob-parent grob Y))
                   (dir (ly:grob-property par-y 'direction))
                   (staff-line-thickness
                     (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'line-thickness))
                   (new-stencil (ly:stencil-aligned-to
                     (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge
                       (ly:stencil-aligned-to stencil X CENTER)
                       Y dir
                       (ly:stencil-aligned-to
                         (grob-interpret-markup
                           grob
                           (make-fontsize-markup
                             (magnification->font-size
                               (+ (ly:staff-symbol-staff-space grob)
                                  (/ staff-line-thickness 2)))
                               text)) X CENTER))
                     X LEFT))
                   (staff-space (ly:output-def-lookup
                     (ly:grob-layout grob) 'staff-space))
                   (par-x (ly:grob-parent grob X))
                   (dyn-text (grob::has-interface par-x 'dynamic-text-interface))
                   (dyn-text-stencil-x-length
                     (if dyn-text
                       (interval-length
                         (ly:stencil-extent (ly:grob-property par-x 'stencil) X))
                       0))
                   (x-shift
                     (if dyn-text
                       (-
                         (+ staff-space dyn-text-stencil-x-length)
                         (* 0.5 staff-line-thickness)) 0)))

            (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'Y-offset 0)
            (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil
               (ly:stencil-translate-axis
                new-stencil
                x-shift X))))
      #})

    hairpinMolto =
    \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \italic molto }

    hairpinMore =
    \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \larger moltissimo }

    \layout { ragged-right = ##f }

    \relative c' {
      \hairpinMolto
      c2\< c\f
      \hairpinMore
      c2\ppppp\< c\f
      \break
      \hairpinMolto
      c2^\< c\f
      \hairpinMore
      c2\ppppp\< c\f
    }

## Text und Strecker-Stile für Dynamik-Texte ändern

Der Text, der für Crescendo und Decrescendo gesetzt wird, kann geändert werden, indem man die Eigenschaften `crescendoText` und `decrescendoText` verändert. Der Stil des Streckers kann auch geändert werden, indem die `'style`-Eigenschaft des `DynamicTextSpanner` beeinflusst wird. Der Standardwert ist `'hairpin`, andere Möglichkeiten sind `'line`, `'dashed-line` und `'dotted-line`.

    \relative c'' {
      \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic { cresc. poco } }
      \set crescendoSpanner = #'text
      \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'dotted-line
      a2\< a
      a2 a
      a2 a
      a2 a\mf
    }

## Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed

The appearance of slurs may be changed from solid to dotted or dashed.

    \relative c' {
      c4( d e c)
      \slurDotted
      c4( d e c)
      \slurSolid
      c4( d e c)
      \slurDashed
      c4( d e c)
      \slurSolid
      c4( d e c)
    }

## Das Atemzeichen-Symbol verändern

Das Schriftzeichen für das Atemzeichen kann verändert werden, indem die Text-Eigenschaft des `BreathingSign`-Layoutobjekts mit einer beliebigen Textbeschriftung definiert wird.

    \relative c'' {
      c2
      \override BreathingSign.text =
        \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" }
      \breathe
      d2
    }

## Changing the number of augmentation dots per note

The number of augmentation dots on a single note can be changed independently of the dots placed after the note.

    \relative c' {
      c4.. a16 r2 |
      \override Dots.dot-count = #4
      c4.. a16 r2 |
      \override Dots.dot-count = #0
      c4.. a16 r2 |
      \revert Dots.dot-count
      c4.. a16 r2 |
    }

## Combining dynamics with markup texts

Some dynamics may involve text indications (such as „più forte“ or „piano subito“). These can be produced using a `\markup` block.

    piuF = \markup { \italic più \dynamic f }

    \layout { ragged-right = ##f }

    \relative c'' {
      c2\f c-\piuF
    }

## Moderne Glissandi

Ein modernes Glissando ohne eine Endnote kann gesetzt werden, indem eine Kadenz eingesetzt wird und die Endnote unsichtbar gemacht wird.

    \relative c'' {
      \time 3/4
      \override Glissando.style = #'zigzag
      c4 c
      \cadenzaOn
      c4\glissando
      \hideNotes
      c,,4
      \unHideNotes
      \cadenzaOff
      \bar "|"
    }

## Controlling spanner visibility after a line break

The visibility of spanners which end on the first note following a line break is controlled by the `after-line-breaking` callback `ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time`.

For objects such as glissandos and hairpins, the default behaviour is to hide the spanner after a break; disabling the callback will allow the left-broken span to be shown.

Conversely, spanners which are usually visible, such as text spans, can be hidden by enabling the callback.

    \paper { ragged-right = ##t }

    \relative c'' {
      \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f
      \override Glissando.breakable = ##t
      % show hairpin
      \override Hairpin.after-line-breaking = ##t
      % hide text span
      \override TextSpanner.after-line-breaking =
        #ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time
      e2\<\startTextSpan
      % show glissando
      \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t
      f2\glissando
      \break
      f,1\!\stopTextSpan
    }

## Die vertikale Anordnung von Beschriftungen kontrollieren

Die vertikale Anordnung von Beschriftungen wird mit der `'script-priority`-Eigenschaft kontrolliert. Um so kleiner die Zahl, umso näher wird die Beschriftung in Bezug auf die Note gesetzt. In diesem Beispiel hat das `TextScript`-Objekt (das Kreuz) zuerst die niedrigste Priorität, wird also auch am niedrigsten in dem ersten Beispiel gesetzt. Im zweiten Fall hat der Praller (das `Script`) die niedrigste Priorität, darum wird er am nächsten zum System gesetzt. Wenn zwei Objekte die gleiche Priorität haben, wird ihre Reihenfolge anhand ihres Auftretens in der Quelldatei entschieden.

    \relative c''' {
      \once \override TextScript.script-priority = #-100
      a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp }

      \once \override Script.script-priority = #-100
      a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp }
    }

## Einen Doppelschlag mit Vorhalt erstellen

Einen Doppelschlag mit Vorhalt zu erstellen, wobei die untere Note das Vorzeichen benutzt, erfordert einige Einstellungsänderungen. Die `outside-staff-priority`-Eigenschaft muss auf falsch (`#f`) gesetzt werden, weil sie sonst über die Eigenschaft `avoid-slur property` dominieren würde. Der Wert von `halign` wird benutzt, um den Doppelschlag horizontal zu positionieren.

    \relative c'' {
      \after 2*2/3 \turn c2( d4) r |
      \after 4 \turn c4.( d8)
      \after 4
      {
        \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t
        \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.outside-staff-priority = ##f
        \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.avoid-slur = #'inside
        \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.font-size = -3
        \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.script-priority = -1
        \once \hideNotes
        cis8\turn \noBeam
      }
      d4.( e8)
    }

## Arpeggios zwischen unterschiedlichen Stimmen erzeugen

Ein Arpeggio kann zwischen Noten aus unterschiedlichen Stimmen auf demselben System gezogen werden, wenn der `Span_arpeggio_engraver` in den `Staff`-Kontext verschoben wird:

    \new Staff \with {
      \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver"
    }
    \relative c' {
      \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t
      <<
        { <e' g>4\arpeggio <d f> <d f>2 }
        \\
        { <d, f>2\arpeggio <g b>2 }
      >>
    }

## Arpeggio über mehrere Systeme in anderen Kontexten

Arpeggio über mehrere Systeme können in anderen Kontexten als dem `PianoStaff` erstellt werden, wenn der `Span_arpeggio_engraver` in den `Score`-Kontext eingefügt wird.

    \new PianoStaff \relative c'' <<
      \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t
      \new Staff {
        <c e g c>4\arpeggio
        <g c e g>4\arpeggio
        <e g c e>4\arpeggio
        <c e g c>4\arpeggio
      }
      \new Staff {
        \clef bass
        \repeat unfold 4 {
          <c,, e g c>4\arpeggio
        }
      }
    >>

## Arpeggio zwischen Systemen in einem Klaviersystem erstellen

In einem Klaviersystem (`PianoStaff`) ist es möglich, ein Arpeggio zwischen beiden Systemen zu verbinden, indem die `PianoStaff.connectArpeggios`-Eigenschaft gesetzt wird.

    \score {
      \new ChoirStaff {
        \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t
        <<
          \new Voice \relative c' {
            <c e>2\arpeggio
            <d f>2\arpeggio
            <c e>1\arpeggio
          }
          \new Voice \relative c {
            \clef bass
            <c g'>2\arpeggio
            <b g'>2\arpeggio
            <c g'>1\arpeggio
          }
        >>
      }
      \layout {
        \context {
          \Score
          \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver"
        }
      }
    }

## Creating double-digit fingerings

Creating fingerings larger than 5 is possible.

    \relative c' {
      c1-10
      c1-50
      c1-36
      c1-29
    }

## Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics

Although the easiest way to add parentheses to a dynamic mark is to use a `\markup` block, this method has a downside: the created objects will behave like text markups, and not like dynamics.

However, it is possible to create a similar object using the equivalent Scheme code (as described in the Notation Reference), combined with the `make-dynamic-script` function. This way, the markup will be regarded as a dynamic, and therefore will remain compatible with commands such as `\dynamicUp` or `\dynamicDown`.

    paren =
    #(define-event-function (dyn) (ly:event?)
       (make-dynamic-script
        #{ \markup \concat {
             \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 (
    	 \pad-x #0.2 #(ly:music-property dyn 'text)
    	 \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 )
           }
        #}))

    \relative c'' {
      c4\paren\f c c \dynamicUp c\paren\p
    }

## Creating slurs across voices

In some situations, it may be necessary to create slurs between notes from different voices. The solution is to add invisible notes to one of the voices, using `\hideNotes`.

This example is measure 235 of the Ciaconna from Bach’s 2nd Partita for solo violin, BWV 1004.

    \relative c' {
      <<
        {
          d16( a') s a s a[ s a] s a[ s a]
        }
        \\
        {
          \slurUp
          bes,16[ s e](
          \hideNotes a)
          \unHideNotes f[(
          \hideNotes a)
          \unHideNotes fis](
          \hideNotes a)
          \unHideNotes g[(
          \hideNotes a)
          \unHideNotes gis](
          \hideNotes a)
        }
      >>
    }

## Creating text spanners

The `\startTextSpan` and `\stopTextSpan` commands allow the creation of text spanners as easily as pedal indications or octavations. Override some properties of the `TextSpanner` object to modify its output.

    \paper { ragged-right = ##f }

    \relative c'' {
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"bla"
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"blu"
      a4 \startTextSpan
      b4 c
      a4 \stopTextSpan

      \override TextSpanner.style = #'line
      \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER
      a4 \startTextSpan
      b4 c
      a4 \stopTextSpan

      \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text =
        \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) }
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text =
        \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . -2) }
      \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-2

      a4 \startTextSpan
      b4 c
      a4 \stopTextSpan

      \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-13
      \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #10
      \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.5
      \override TextSpanner.thickness = #10
      a4 \startTextSpan
      b4 c
      a4 \stopTextSpan
    }

## Eigene Dynamiktextspanner nachgestellt

Die Nachstellung funktioniert für eigene Crescendo-Textstrecker. Die Strecker sollten an der ersten Note eines Taktes beginnen. Man muss -\mycresc benutzen, sonst wird der Beginn des Streckers der nächsten Note zugewiesen.

    % Two functions for (de)crescendo spanners where you can explicitly
    % give the spanner text.
    mycresc =
    #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?)
       (make-music 'CrescendoEvent
                   'span-direction START
                   'span-type 'text
                   'span-text mymarkup))
    mydecresc =
    #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?)
       (make-music 'DecrescendoEvent
                   'span-direction START
                   'span-type 'text
                   'span-text mymarkup))

    \relative c' {
      c4-\mycresc "custom cresc" c4 c4 c4 |
      c4 c4 c4 c4 |
      c4-\mydecresc "custom decresc" c4 c4 c4 |
      c4 c4\! c4 c4
    }

## Dynamiktextstrecker nachgestellt

Die \cresc, \dim und \decresc Strecker können umdefiniert werden, um nachgestellt zu funktionieren und einen Textstrecker zu produzieren. Eigene Strecker können auch einfach definiert werden. Klammer- und Textcrescendi können einfach vermischt werden. \< und \> erstellen normalerweise Klammern, \cresc usw. dagegen normalerweise Textspanner.

    % Some sample text dynamic spanners, to be used as postfix operators
    crpoco =
    #(make-music 'CrescendoEvent
                 'span-direction START
                 'span-type 'text
                 'span-text "cresc. poco a poco")

    \relative c' {
      c4\cresc d4 e4 f4 |
      g4 a4\! b4\crpoco c4 |
      c4 d4 e4 f4 |
      g4 a4\! b4\< c4 |
      g4\dim a4 b4\decresc c4\!
    }

## Glissando kann Grobs überspringen

`NoteColumn`-Grobs können bei Glissandos übersprungen werden.

    \relative c' {
      a2 \glissando
      \once \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t
      f''4 d,
    }

## Hairpins with different line styles

Hairpins can take any style from `line-interface` - dashed-line, dotted-line, line, trill or zigzag.

    \relative c' {
      c2\< c\!
      \override Hairpin.style = #'dashed-line
      c2\< c\!
      \override Hairpin.style = #'dotted-line
      c2\< c\!
      \override Hairpin.style = #'line
      c2\< c\!
      \override Hairpin.style = #'trill
      c2\< c\!
      \override Hairpin.style = #'zigzag
      c2\< c\!
      \revert Hairpin.style
      c2\< c\!
    }

## Crescendo-Linien von Dynamik-Texten unterdrücken

Dynamik-Texte (wie cresc. und dim.) werden mit einer gestrichelten Linie gesetzt, die ihre Dauer anzeigt. Diese Linie kann auf folgende Weise unterdrückt werden:

    \relative c'' {
      \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'none
      \crescTextCresc
      c1\< | d | b | c\!
    }

## Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")

Some dynamic expressions involve additional text, like „sempre pp“. Since dynamics are usually centered under the note, the \pp would be displayed way after the note it applies to.

To correctly align the „sempre pp“ horizontally so that it is aligned as if it were only the \pp, there are several approaches:

- Simply use `\once\override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2` before the note with the dynamics to manually shift it to the correct position. Drawback: This has to be done manually each time you use that dynamic markup...
- Add some padding (`#:hspace 7.1`) into the definition of your custom dynamic mark so that after LilyPond center-aligns it, it is already correctly aligned. Drawback: The padding really takes up that space and does not allow any other markup or dynamics to be shown in that position.
- Shift the dynamic script `\once\override ... .X-offset = ...`. Drawback: `\once\override` is needed for every invocation!
- Set the dimensions of the additional text to 0 (using `#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0)`). Drawback: For LilyPond, „sempre“ has no extent now. This means it might put other stuff there, causing collisions (which are not detected by LilyPond’s collision detection algorithm!). There also seems to be some spacing, so it is not exactly the same alignment as without the additional text.
- Add an explicit shift directly inside the scheme function for the dynamic script.
- Set an explicit alignment inside the dynamic script. By default, this won’t have any effect, only if one sets `X-offset`! Drawback: One needs to set `DynamicText.X-offset`, which will apply to all dynamic texts! Also, it is aligned at the right edge of the additional text, not at the center of \pp.

    \paper {
      ragged-right = ##f
      indent = 2.5\cm
    }

    % Solution 1: Using a simple markup with a particular halign value
    % Drawback: It's a markup, not a dynamic command, so \dynamicDown
    %           etc. will have no effect
    semppMarkup = \markup { \halign #1.4 \italic "sempre" \dynamic "pp" }

    % Solution 2: Using a dynamic script & shifting with
    %             \once \override ...X-offset = ..
    % Drawback: \once \override needed for every invocation
    semppK =
    #(make-dynamic-script
      (markup #:line
              (#:normal-text
               #:italic "sempre"
               #:dynamic "pp")))

    % Solution 3: Padding the dynamic script so the center-alignment
    %             puts it at the correct position
    % Drawback: the padding really reserves the space, nothing else can be there
    semppT =
    #(make-dynamic-script
      (markup #:line
              (#:normal-text
               #:italic "sempre"
               #:dynamic "pp"
               #:hspace 7.1)))

    % Solution 4: Dynamic, setting the dimensions of the additional text to 0
    % Drawback: To lilypond "sempre" has no extent, so it might put
    %           other stuff there => collisions
    % Drawback: Also, there seems to be some spacing, so it's not exactly the
    %           same alignment as without the additional text
    semppM =
    #(make-dynamic-script
      (markup #:line
              (#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0)
                                 #:right-align
                                 #:normal-text
                                 #:italic "sempre"
                                 #:dynamic "pp")))

    % Solution 5: Dynamic with explicit shifting inside the scheme function
    semppG =
    #(make-dynamic-script
      (markup #:hspace 0
              #:translate '(-18.85 . 0)
              #:line (#:normal-text
                      #:italic "sempre"
                      #:dynamic "pp")))

    % Solution 6: Dynamic with explicit alignment. This has only effect
    %             if one sets X-offset!
    % Drawback: One needs to set DynamicText.X-offset!
    % Drawback: Aligned at the right edge of the additional text,
    %           not at the center of pp
    semppMII =
    #(make-dynamic-script
      (markup #:line (#:right-align
                      #:normal-text
                      #:italic "sempre"
                      #:dynamic "pp")))

    \new StaffGroup <<
      \new Staff = "s" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal } }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          c4\pp c\p c c | c\ff c c\pp c
        }
      >>
      \new Staff = "sMarkup" \with {
        instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal markup }
      }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          c4-\semppMarkup c\p c c | c\ff c c-\semppMarkup c
        }
      >>
      \new Staff = "sK" \with {
        instrumentName = \markup \column { Explicit shifting }
      }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2
          c4\semppK c\p c c
          c4\ff c
          \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2
          c4\semppK c
        }
      >>
      \new Staff = "sT" \with {
        instrumentName = \markup \column { Right padding }
      }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          c4\semppT c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppT c
        }
      >>
      \new Staff = "sM" \with {
        instrumentName = \markup \column { Set dimension "to zero" }
      }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          c4\semppM c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppM c
        }
      >>
      \new Staff = "sG" \with {
        instrumentName = \markup \column { Shift inside dynamics}
      }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          c4\semppG c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppG c
        }
      >>
      \new Staff = "sMII" \with {
        instrumentName = \markup \column { Alignment inside dynamics }
      }
      <<
        \relative c'' {
          \key es \major
          % Setting to ##f (false) gives the same result
          \override DynamicText.X-offset = #0
          c4\semppMII c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppMII c
        }
      >>
    >>

    \layout { \override Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT }

## Eine Zäsur einfügen

Zäsurzeichen können erstellt werden, indem die `'text`-Eigenschaft des `BreathingSign`-Objektes verändert wird. Ein gekrümmtes Zäsurzeichen ist auch möglich.

    \relative c'' {
      \override BreathingSign.text = \markup {
        \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.straight"
      }
      c8 e4. \breathe g8. e16 c4

      \override BreathingSign.text = \markup {
        \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved"
      }
      g8 e'4. \breathe g8. e16 c4
    }

## Laissez vibrer ties

Laissez vibrer ties have a fixed size. Their formatting can be tuned using `'tie-configuration`.

    \relative c' {
      <c e g>4\laissezVibrer r <c f g>\laissezVibrer r
      <c d f g>4\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4.\laissezVibrer r8

      <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r
      \override LaissezVibrerTieColumn.tie-configuration
         = #`((-7 . ,DOWN)
              (-5 . ,DOWN)
              (-3 . ,UP)
              (-1 . ,UP))
      <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r
    }

## Line arrows

Arrows can be applied to text-spanners and line-spanners (such as the Glissando).

    \relative c'' {
      \override TextSpanner.bound-padding = #1.0
      \override TextSpanner.style = #'line
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"fof"
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"gag"
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #0.6

      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER
      \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER

      \override Glissando.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t
      \override Glissando.arrow-length = #0.5
      \override Glissando.arrow-width = #0.25

      a8\startTextSpan gis a4 b\glissando b,
      g'4 c\stopTextSpan c2
    }

## Legatobögen mit kompliziertem Strichelmuster

definieren

Legatobögen können mit einem komplizierten Strichelmuster gesetzt werden, indem die `dash-definition`-Eigenschaft definiert wird. `dash-definition` ist eine Liste bestehend aus `dash-elements`-Elementen. Ein `dash-element` ist eine Liste an Parametern, die das Strichverhalten für einen Abschnitt des Legatobogens definieren.

Der Bogen wird nach dem Bezierparameter t definiert, welcher von 0 am linken Ende des Bogens zu 1 am rechten Ende des Bogens reicht. `dash-element` ist eine Liste `(start-t stop-t dash-Unterbrechung dash-Abschnitt)`. Die Region des Bogens von `start-t` bis `stop-t` hat eine Unterbrechung von `dash-Unterbrechung` von jedem `dash-Abschnitt`-Schwarzabschnitt. `dash-Abschnitt` ist in Notenlinienzwischenräumen definiert. `dash-Abschnitt` ist auf 1 für einen durchgehenden Bogen gesetzt.

    \relative c' {
      \once \override
        Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.3 0.1 0.75)
                                    (0.3 0.6 1 1)
                                    (0.65 1.0 0.4 0.75))
      c4( d e f)
      \once \override
        Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.25 1 1)
                                    (0.3 0.7 0.4 0.75)
                                    (0.75 1.0 1 1))
      c4( d e f)
    }

## Die Standardwerte der Abkürzungen von Artikulationen verändern

Die Abkürzungen sind in der Datei ‘`ly/script-init.ly`’ definiert, wo den Variablen `dashHat`, `dashPlus`, `dashDash`, `dashBar`, `dashLarger`, `dashDot` und `dashUnderscore` Standardwerte zugewiesen werden. Diese Standardwerte können verändert werden. Um zum Beispiel die Abkürzung `-+` (`dashPlus`) mit dem Triller anstatt mit dem +-Symbol zu assoziieren, muss der Wert `trill` der Variable `dashPlus` zugewiesen werden:

    \relative c'' { c1-+ }

    dashPlus = \trill

    \relative c'' { c1-+ }

## Moving slur positions vertically

The vertical position of a slur can be adjusted using the `positions` property of `Slur`. The property has 2 parameters, the first referring to the left end of the slur and the second to the right. The values of the parameters are not used by LilyPond to make an exact movement of the slur - instead it selects what placement of the slur looks best, taking into account the parameter values. Positive values move the slur up, and are appropriate for notes with stems down. Negative values move downward slurs further down.

    \relative c' {
      \stemDown
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(1 . 1)
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(2 . 2)
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(3 . 3)
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(4 . 4)
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 5)
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(0 . 5)
      e4( a)
      \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 0)
      e4( a)
      \stemUp
      \override Slur.positions = #'(-5 . -5)
      e4( a)
      \stemDown
      \revert Slur.positions
      e4( a)
    }

## Moving the ends of hairpins

The ends of hairpins may be offset by setting the `shorten-pair` property of the `Hairpin` object. Positive values move endpoints to the right, negative to the left. Unlike the `minimum-length` property, this property only affects the appearance of the hairpin; it does not adjust horizontal spacing (including the position of bounding dynamics). This method is thus suitable for fine-tuning a hairpin within its allotted space.

    {
      c'1~\<
      c'2~ c'\!
      \once \override Hairpin.shorten-pair = #'(2 . 2)
      c'1~\<
      c'2~ c'\!
      \once \override Hairpin.shorten-pair = #'(-2 . -2)
      c'1~\<
      c'2~ c'\!
      c'1~\p-\tweak shorten-pair #'(2 . 0)\<
      c'2~ c'\ffff
    }

## Positioning arpeggios

If you need to extend or shorten an arpeggio, you can modify the upper and lower start positions independently.

    \relative c' {
      <c e g b>1\arpeggio
      \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 0)
      <c e g b>1\arpeggio
      \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(0 . 5)
      <c e g b>1\arpeggio
      \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 5)
      <c e g b>1\arpeggio
    }

## Textbeschriftung innerhalb von Bögen positionieren

Textbeschriftung kann innerhalb von Bögen gesetzt werden, wenn die `outside-staff-priority`-Eigenschaft auf falsch gesetzt wird.

    \relative c'' {
      \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside
      \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
      c2(^\markup { \halign #-10 \natural } d4.) c8
    }

## Printing hairpins in various styles

Hairpin dynamics may be created in a variety of styles.

    \relative c'' {
      \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin
      a4\< a a a\f
      a4\p\< a a a\ff
      a4\sfz\< a a a\!
      \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin
      a4\< a a a\f
      a4\p\< a a a\ff
      a4\sfz\< a a a\!
      \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin
      a4\> a a a\f
      a4\p\> a a a\ff
      a4\sfz\> a a a\!
      \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin
      a4\> a a a\f
      a4\p\> a a a\ff
      a4\sfz\> a a a\!
    }

## Crescendo Klammern al niente schreiben

Crescendo-Klammern können mit einem kleinen Kreis vor der Spitze notiert werden (al niente = bis zum Nichts), indem die `circled-tip`-Eigenschaft des `Hairpin`-Objekts auf `#t` gesetzt wird.

    \relative c'' {
      \override Hairpin.circled-tip = ##t
      c2\< c\!
      c4\> c\< c2\!
    }

## Metronom- und Übungszeichen unter das System setzen

Normalerweise werden Metronom- und Übungszeichen über dem Notensystem ausgegeben. Um sie unter das System zu setzen, muss die `direction`-Eigenschaft von `MetronomeMark` oder `RehearsalMark` entsprechend verändert werden.

    \layout {
      indent = 0
      ragged-right = ##f
    }

    {
      % Metronome marks below the staff
      \override Score.MetronomeMark.direction = #DOWN
      \tempo 8. = 120
      c''1

      % Rehearsal marks below the staff
      \override Score.RehearsalMark.direction = #DOWN
      \mark \default
      c''1
    }

## Das Verhalten von Crescendo-Klammern an Taktlinien beeinflussen

Wenn die Note, an welcher eine Crescendo-Klammer endet, die erste Note eines Taktes ist, wird die Klammer an der vorhergehenden Taktlinie beendet. Dieses Verhalten kann auch mit der Eigenschaft `'to-barline` geändert werden:

    \relative c'' {
      e4\< e2.
      e1\!
      \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f
      e4\< e2.
      e1\!
    }

## Die Mindestlänge von Crescendo-Klammern bestimmen

Wenn Crescendo-Klammern zu kurz sind, können sie verlängert werden, indem die `minimum-length`-Eigenschaft des `Hairpin`-Objektes verändert wird.

    <<
      {
        \after 4 \< \after 2 \> \after 2. \! f'1
        \override Hairpin.minimum-length = #8
        \after 4 \< \after 2 \> \after 2. \! f'1
      }
      {
        \repeat unfold 8 c'4
      }
    >>

## Showing the same articulation above and below a note or chord

By default, LilyPond does not allow the same articulation (e.g., an accent, a fermata, a flageolet, etc.) to be displayed above and below a note. For example, `c4_\fermata^\fermata` only shows a fermata below. The fermata above gets simply ignored.

However, one can stick scripts (just like fingerings) inside a chord, which means it is possible to have as many articulations as desired. This approach has the advantage that it ignores the stem and positions the articulation relative to the note head. This can be seen in the case of the flageolets in the snippet. To mimic the behaviour of scripts outside a chord, `'add-stem-support` would be required.

The solution is thus to write the note as a chord and add the articulations inside of `<...>`, using the direction modifiers `^` and `_` as appropriate.

    \relative c' {
      <>^"Wrong"
      c2_\fermata^\fermata % The second fermata is ignored!
      <e d'>2^\flageolet_\flageolet

      \stopStaff s1 \startStaff

      <>^"Works if written inside a chord"
      <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2
      <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2
      <e_\flageolet^\flageolet>2
      <e_\fermata^\fermata>2
    }

## Snap-pizzicato or Bartok pizzicato

A snap-pizzicato (also known as „Bartok pizzicato“) is a „strong pizzicato where the string is plucked vertically by snapping and rebounds off the fingerboard of the instrument“ (Wikipedia). It is denoted by a circle with a vertical line going from the center upwards outside the circle.

    \relative c' {
      c4\snappizzicato
      <c' e g>4\snappizzicato
      <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato
      <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato
    }

## Using a tick as the breath mark symbol

Vocal and wind music frequently uses a tick mark as a breathing sign. This indicates a breath that subtracts a little time from the previous note rather than causing a short pause, which is indicated by the comma breath mark. The mark can be moved up a little to take it away from the stave.

    \relative c'' {
      c2
      \breathe
      d2
      \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #2.6
      \override BreathingSign.text =
        \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.tickmark" }
      c2
      \breathe
      d2
    }

## Arpeggio-Klammern benutzen, um geteilte Stimmen besser sichtbar zu machen

Das `arpeggioBracket`-Klammerobjekt kann benutzt werden, um geteilte Stimmen anzuzeigen, wenn keine Hälse diese Information bieten. Das sieht man oft in Chormusik.

    \include "english.ly"

    \score {
      \relative c'' {
        \key a \major
        \time 2/2
        <<
          \new Voice = "upper"
          <<
            { \voiceOne \arpeggioBracket
              a2( b2
              <b d>1\arpeggio)
              <cs e>\arpeggio ~
              <cs e>4
            }
            \addlyrics { \lyricmode { A -- men. } }
          >>
          \new Voice = "lower"
          { \voiceTwo
            a1 ~
            a
            a ~
            a4 \bar "|."
          }
        >>
      }
      \layout { ragged-right = ##t }
    }

## Doppelte Bögen für Legato-Akkorde benutzen

Einige Komponisten schreiben doppelte Bögen, wenn Legato-Akkorde notiert werden. Das kann mit der Eigenschaft `doubleSlurs` erreicht werden.

    \relative c' {
      \set doubleSlurs = ##t
      <c e>4( <d f> <c e> <d f>)
    }

## Using the whiteout property

Any graphical object can be printed over a white background to mask parts of objects that lie beneath. This can be useful to improve the appearance of collisions in complex situations when repositioning objects is impractical. It is necessary to explicitly set the `layer` property to control which objects are masked by the white background. In this example the collision of the tie with the time signature is improved by masking out the part of the tie that crosses the time signature by setting the `whiteout` property of `TimeSignature`. To do this `TimeSignature` is moved to a layer above `Tie`, which is left in the default layer of 1, and `StaffSymbol` is moved to a layer above `TimeSignature` so it is not masked.

    {
      \override Score.StaffSymbol.layer = #4
      \override Staff.TimeSignature.layer = #3
      b'2 b'~
      \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.whiteout = ##t
      \time 3/4
      b' r4
    }

## Vertical line as a baroque articulation mark

This short vertical line placed above the note is commonly used in baroque music. Its meaning can vary, but generally indicates notes that should be played with more „weight“. The following example demonstrates how to achieve such a notation.

    upline =
    \tweak stencil
      #(lambda (grob)
        (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup \draw-line #'(0 . 1) #}))
      \stopped

    \relative c' {
      a'4^\upline a( c d')_\upline
    }

## Vertically aligning dynamics across multiple notes

Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be vertically aligned. To ensure that dynamics are aligned when they do not occur on the same note, increase the `staff-padding` property of the `DynamicLineSpanner` object.

    \relative c' {
      \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4
      c2\p f\mf
      g2\< b4\> c\!
    }

#### LilyPond – Snippets v2.24.4 (stabiler Zweig).