LilyPond Notation Reference: 2.9.5 Typesetting Kievan square notation

### 2.9.5 Typesetting Kievan square notation

#### Kievan contexts

As with Mensural and Gregorian notation, the predefined `KievanVoice` and `KievanStaff` contexts can be used to engrave a piece in square notation. These contexts initialize all relevant context properties and grob properties to proper values, so you can immediately go ahead entering the chant:

>     % Font settings for Cyrillic
>     \paper {
>       #(define fonts
>         (set-global-fonts
>          #:roman "Linux Libertine O,serif"
>        ))
>     }

>     \score {
>       <<
>         \new KievanVoice = "melody" \relative c' {
>           \cadenzaOn
>             c4 c c c c2 b\longa
>             \fine
>         }
>         \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" {
>           Го -- спо -- ди по -- ми -- луй.
>         }
>       >>
>     }

#### See also

Music Glossary: kievan notation.

#### Known issues and warnings

LilyPond supports Kievan notation of the Synodal style, as used in the corpus of chantbooks printed by the Russian Holy Synod in the 1910’s and recently reprinted by the Moscow Patriarchate Publishing House. LilyPond does not support the older (less common) forms of Kievan notation that were used in Galicia to notate Rusyn plainchant.

#### Kievan clefs

There is only one clef used in Kievan notation (the Tse-fa-ut Clef). It is used to indicate the position of `c`:

>       \clef "kievan-do"
>       \kievanOn
>       c'

#### See also

Music Glossary: kievan notation, clef.

Notation Reference: Clef.

#### Kievan notes

For Kievan square notation, the appropriate note head style needs to be chosen and the flags and stems need to be turned off. This is accomplished by calling the `\kievanOn` function, which sets the appropriate properties of the note head, stems, and flags. Once Kievan note heads are not needed, these properties can be reverted by calling the `\kievanOff` function.

The Kievan final note, which usually comes at the end of a piece of music, may be selected by setting the duration to `\longa`. The Kievan recitative mark, used to indicate the chanting of several syllables on one note, may be selected by setting the duration to `\breve`. The following example demonstrates the various Kievan note heads:

>     \autoBeamOff
>     \cadenzaOn
>     \kievanOn
>     b'1 b'2 b'4 b'8 b'\breve b'\longa
>     \kievanOff
>     b'2

#### See also

Music Glossary: kievan notation, note head.

Notation Reference: Note head styles.

#### Known issues and warnings

LilyPond automatically determines if the stem up or stem down form of a note is drawn. When setting chant in square notation, however, it is customary to have the stems point in the same direction within a single melisma. This can be done manually by setting the `direction` property of the `Stem` object.

#### Kievan accidentals

The `kievan` style provides a sharp and a flat sign different from the default style. There is no natural sign in Kievan notation. The sharp sign is not used in Synodal music but may occur in earlier manuscripts. It has been included primarily for the sake of compatibility.

>     \clef "kievan-do"
>     \set Staff.alterationGlyphs =
>       #alteration-kievan-glyph-name-alist
>     bes' dis'

#### See also

Music Glossary: kievan notation, accidental.

Notation Reference: Accidentals, Automatic accidentals, Alternate accidental glyphs, The Emmentaler font.

#### Kievan bar lines

In a `KievanStaff`, there are no measures, but the `\caesura` command creates a phrase bar line, and the `\section` and `\fine` commands create a special section bar line.

>     \new KievanStaff {
>       c'4 4 4 4 4 4 \caesura  % \bar "."
>       d'4 4 4 4 4 4 \section  % \bar "k"
>       e'4 4 4 4 4 4 \fine
>     }

#### See also

Notation Reference: Bars, The Emmentaler font.

#### Kievan melismata

Notes within a Kievan melisma are usually placed close to each other and the melismata separated by whitespace. This is done to allow the chanter to quickly identify the melodic structures of Znamenny chant. In LilyPond, melismata are treated as ligatures and the spacing is implemented by the `Kievan_ligature_engraver`.

When the `KievanVoice` and `KievanStaff` contexts are used, the `Kievan_ligature_engraver` is enabled by default. In other contexts, it can be invoked by replacing the `Ligature_bracket_engraver` with the `Kievan_ligature_engraver` in the layout block:

>     \layout {
>       \context {
>         \Voice
>         \remove Ligature_bracket_engraver
>         \consists Kievan_ligature_engraver
>       }
>     }

The spacing between the notes within a Kievan ligature can be controlled by setting the `padding` property of the `KievanLigature`.

The following example demonstrates the use of Kievan ligatures:

>     % Font settings for Cyrillic
>     \paper {
>       #(define fonts
>         (set-global-fonts
>          #:roman "Linux Libertine O,serif"
>        ))
>     }

>     \score {
>       <<
>         \new KievanVoice = "melody" \relative c' {
>           \cadenzaOn
>             e2 \[ e4( d4 ) \] \[ c4( d e  d ) \] e1 \fine
>         }
>         \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" {
>           Га -- врі -- и -- лу
>         }
>       >>
>     }

#### See also

Music Glossary: ligature.

Notation Reference: White mensural ligatures, Gregorian square neume ligatures, Ligatures.

#### Known issues and warnings

Horizontal spacing of ligatures is poor.

#### LilyPond — Notation Reference v2.24.4 (stable-branch).