Fragments del LilyPond: Ancient notation

# Ancient notation

Ancient notation

## Afegir un baix xifrat a sobre o a sota de les notes

En escriure un baix xifrat, podem ubicar les xifres a sobre a o a sota de les notes del baix, mitjançant la definició de la propietat `BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction` (exclusivament dins d’un context `Staff`). es pot escollir entre `#UP` (o `#1`, a sobre), `#CENTER` (o `#0`, centraat) i `#DOWN` (o `#-1`, a sota).

Aquesta propietat es pot canviar tantes vegades com volem. Utilitzeu `\once \override` si no voleu que la sobreescriptura s’apliqui a tota la partitura.

    bass = {
      \clef bass
      g4 b, c d
      e d8 c d2
    }

    continuo = \figuremode {
      <_>4 <6>4 <5/>4
      \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #UP
      %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentUp
      < _+ >4 <6>
      \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
      \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #DOWN
      %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown
      <4>4. <4>8 <_+>4
    }

    \score {
      <<
        \new Staff = bassStaff \bass
        \context Staff = bassStaff \continuo
      >>
    }

## Ancient fonts

Aquí es mostren molts dels símbols del Lilypond per a la musica antiga.

    upperStaff = \new VaticanaStaff = "upperStaff" <<
      \context VaticanaVoice <<
        \transpose c c {

          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.punctum
          \key es \major
          \clef "vaticana-fa2"
          c1 des e f ges

          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.inclinatum
          a! b ces'
          \bar "|"

          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.quilisma
          b! des'! ges! fes!
          \breathe
          \clef "vaticana-fa1"
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.plica
          es d
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.reverse.plica
          c d
          \bar "|"

          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.punctum.cavum
          es f
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.lpes
          g as
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.upes
          bes as
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.vupes
          g f
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.linea.punctum
          \once \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1 . 1) \bar "|"

          es d
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.epiphonus
          c d
          \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.cephalicus
          es f

          \set Staff.alterationGlyphs =
            #alteration-medicaea-glyph-name-alist
          \override Staff.Custos.style = #'medicaea
          \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.punctum
          \clef "medicaea-fa2"
          ces des
          \bar "|"

          e! f! ges
          \clef "medicaea-do2"
          \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.inclinatum
          a! b! ces'
          \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.virga
          b! a!
          \bar "|"

          ges fes
          \clef "medicaea-fa1"
          \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.rvirga
          e des ces

          \set Staff.alterationGlyphs =
            #alteration-hufnagel-glyph-name-alist
          \override Staff.Custos.style = #'hufnagel
          \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.punctum
          \clef "hufnagel-fa2"
          ces des es
          \bar "|"

          fes ges
          \clef "hufnagel-do2"
          \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.lpes
          as! bes! ces'
          \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.virga
          bes! as!
          \bar "|"

          ges! fes!
          \clef "hufnagel-do-fa"
          \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.punctum
          es! des ces des! es! fes!
          \bar "||"

          s32*1
        }
      >>
    >>

    lowerStaff = \new MensuralStaff = "lowerStaff" <<
      \context MensuralVoice <<
        \transpose c c {

          \key a \major
          cis'1 d'\breve gis'\breve e'\breve \[ e'\longa fis'\longa \]
          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "neomensural-c2"
          cis1
          \bar "|"

          \[ g\breve dis''\longa \]
          b\breve \[ a\longa d\longa \]
          \clef "petrucci-c2"

          fis1 ces1
          \clef "petrucci-c2"
          r\longa
          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "mensural-c2"
          r\breve
          \bar "|"

          r2
          \clef "mensural-g"
          r4 r8 r16 r16
          \override NoteHead.style = #'mensural
          \override Rest.style = #'mensural
          \clef "petrucci-f"
          c8 b, c16 b, c32 b, c64 b, c64 b,
          d8 e d16 e d32 e d64 e d64 e
          r\longa
          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "petrucci-f"
          r\breve
          \bar "|"

          r\breve
          \clef "mensural-f"
          r2 r4 r8 r16 r16

          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "mensural-f"
          e\breve f g a1
          \clef "mensural-g"

          \[ bes'!\longa a'!\longa c''!\longa \]
          e'1 d' c' d' \bar "|"
          \bar "|"

          bes'!\longa fis'!1 as'!1 ges'!\longa % lig
          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "mensural-g"
          e'2 d' c' \bar "|"

          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "petrucci-g"
          c'2 d' e' f'
          \clef "petrucci-g"
          g' as'! bes'! cis''!
          bes'! as'! gis'! fis'!
          \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
          \clef "mensural-g"
          es'! des'! cis'!1 \bar "||"
        }
      >>
    >>

    \paper {
      line-thickness = #(/ staff-space 5.0)
    }

    \score {
      <<
        \upperStaff
        \lowerStaff
      >>
      \layout {
        indent = 0.0
        \context {
          \Score
          timing = ##f
        }
        \context {
          \MensuralVoice
          \override NoteHead.style = #'neomensural
          \override Rest.style = #'neomensural
          \override Flag.style = #'mensural
          \override Stem.thickness = #1.0
        }
        \context {
          \MensuralStaff
          \revert  BarLine.transparent
          alterationGlyphs =
            #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist
          clefGlyph = #"clefs.petrucci.c2"
        }
        \context {
          \VaticanaStaff
          \revert  BarLine.transparent
          \override StaffSymbol.thickness = #2.0
          alterationGlyphs =
            #alteration-vaticana-glyph-name-alist
          \override Custos.neutral-position = #4
        }
      }
    }

## Plantilla per a notació de música antiga (transcripció moderna de cant gregorià)

Aquest exemple mostra com fer una transcripció moderna de cant gregorià. El cant gregorià no té compàs ni pliques; utilitza sols caps de nota de blanca i de negra, i unes marques especials que indiquen silencis de diferents longituds.

    \include "gregorian.ly"

    chant = \relative c' {
      \set Score.timing = ##f
      f4 a2 \divisioMinima
      g4 b a2 f2 \divisioMaior
      g4( f) f( g) a2 \finalis
    }

    verba = \lyricmode {
      Lo -- rem ip -- sum do -- lor sit a -- met
    }

    \score {
      \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff <<
        \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "melody" \chant
        \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" \lyricsto melody \verba
      >>
    }

## Indicacions de compàs antigues

Les indicacions de compàs també es poden gravar en estil antic.

    {
      \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'neomensural
      s1
    }

## Notació de responsos o salms

Aquest tipus de notació s’utilitza per als cants salmòdics, en les quals les estrofes no sempre tenen la mateixa longitud.

    stemOff = \hide Staff.Stem
    stemOn  = \undo \stemOff

    \score {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      {
        \key g \minor
        \cadenzaOn
        \stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4
        \stemOn a'2 \section
        \stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4
        \stemOn f'2 \section
        \stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe }
        \stemOn g'2 \fine
      }
    }

## Custos

Es poden gravar «custos» en diferents estils.

    \layout { ragged-right = ##t }

    \new Staff \with { \consists "Custos_engraver" } \relative c' {
      \override Staff.Custos.neutral-position = #4

      \override Staff.Custos.style = #'hufnagel
      c1^"hufnagel" \break
      <d a' f'>1

      \override Staff.Custos.style = #'medicaea
      c1^"medicaea" \break
      <d a' f'>1

      \override Staff.Custos.style = #'vaticana
      c1^"vaticana" \break
      <d a' f'>1

      \override Staff.Custos.style = #'mensural
      c1^"mensural" \break
      <d a' f'>1
    }

## Incipit

En transcriure música mensural, és útil posar un incipit al començament de la peça per indicar la tonalitat i el compàs originals. Actualment els músics estan acostumats a les línies del pentagrama, però en el període de la música mensural encara no s’utilitzaven. Com a compromís, amb freqüència s’imprimeixen línies divisòries entre els pentagrames, un estil de disseny conegut com mensurstriche.

    %% With 2.23. this throws:
    %% programming error: Loose column does not have right side to attach to.
    %% Likely "Hidden BarLine during note yields programming error"
    %% https://gitlab.com/lilypond/lilypond/-/issues/4084
    %%  --Harm

    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    % A short excerpt from the Jubilate Deo by Orlande de Lassus
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

    global = {
      \set Score.skipBars = ##t
      \key g \major
      \time 4/4

      % the actual music
      \skip 1*8

      % let finis bar go through all staves
      \override Staff.BarLine.transparent = ##f

      % finis bar
      \bar "|."
    }

    discantusIncipit = {
      \clef "neomensural-c1"
      \key f \major
      \time 2/2
      c''1.
    }

    discantusNotes = {
      \transpose c' c'' {
        \clef "treble"
        d'2. d'4 |
        b e' d'2 |
        c'4 e'4.( d'8 c' b |
        a4) b a2 |
        b4.( c'8 d'4) c'4 |
        \once \hide NoteHead
        c'1 |
        b\breve |
      }
    }

    discantusLyrics = \lyricmode {
      Ju -- bi -- la -- te De -- o,
      om -- nis ter -- ra, __ om-
      "..."
      -us.
    }

    altusIncipit = {
      \clef "neomensural-c3"
      \key f \major
      \time 2/2
      r1 f'1.
    }

    altusNotes = {
      \transpose c' c'' {
        \clef "treble"
        r2 g2. e4 fis g |
        a2 g4 e |
        fis g4.( fis16 e fis4) |
        g1 |
        \once \hide NoteHead
        g1 |
        g\breve |
      }
    }

    altusLyrics = \lyricmode {
      Ju -- bi -- la -- te
      De -- o, om -- nis ter -- ra,
      "..."
      -us.
    }

    tenorIncipit = {
      \clef "neomensural-c4"
      \key f \major
      \time 2/2
      r\longa
      r\breve
      r1 c'1.
    }

    tenorNotes = {
      \transpose c' c' {
        \clef "treble_8"
        R1 |
        R1 |
        R1 |
        % two measures
        r2 d'2. d'4 b e' |
        \once \hide NoteHead
        e'1 |
        d'\breve |
      }
    }

    tenorLyrics = \lyricmode {
      Ju -- bi -- la -- te
      "..."
      -us.
    }

    bassusIncipit = {
      \clef "mensural-f"
      \key f \major
      \time 2/2
      r\maxima
      f1.
    }

    bassusNotes = {
      \transpose c' c' {
        \clef "bass"
        R1 |
        R1 |
        R1 |
        R1 |
        g2. e4 |
        \once \hide NoteHead
        e1 |
        g\breve |
      }
    }

    bassusLyrics = \lyricmode {
      Ju -- bi-
      "..."
      -us.
    }

    \score {
      <<
        \new StaffGroup = choirStaff <<
          \new Voice = "discantusNotes" <<
            \set Staff.instrumentName = "Discantus"
            \incipit \discantusIncipit
            \global
            \discantusNotes
          >>
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto discantusNotes { \discantusLyrics }
          \new Voice = "altusNotes" <<
            \set Staff.instrumentName = "Altus"
            \global
            \incipit \altusIncipit
            \altusNotes
          >>
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto altusNotes { \altusLyrics }
          \new Voice = "tenorNotes" <<
            \set Staff.instrumentName = "Tenor"
            \global
            \incipit \tenorIncipit
            \tenorNotes
          >>
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto tenorNotes { \tenorLyrics }
          \new Voice = "bassusNotes" <<
            \set Staff.instrumentName = "Bassus"
            \global
            \incipit \bassusIncipit
            \bassusNotes
          >>
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto bassusNotes { \bassusLyrics }
        >>
      >>
      \layout {
        \context {
          \Score
          %% no bar lines in staves or lyrics
          \hide BarLine
        }
        %% the next two instructions keep the lyrics between the bar lines
        \context {
          \Lyrics
          \consists "Bar_engraver"
          \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver"
        }
        \context {
          \Voice
          %% no slurs
          \hide Slur
          %% Comment in the below "\remove" command to allow line
          %% breaking also at those bar lines where a note overlaps
          %% into the next measure.  The command is commented out in this
          %% short example score, but especially for large scores, you
          %% will typically yield better line breaking and thus improve
          %% overall spacing if you comment in the following command.
          %%\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver"
        }
        indent = 6\cm
        incipit-width = 4\cm
      }
    }

## Disposició Mensurstriche (línies divisòries entre pentagrames)

La disposició «mensurstriche» en els quals les línies divisòries no estan dibuixades sobre els pentagrames, sinó entre ells, es pot aconseguir amb un `StaffGroup` en comptes d’un `ChoirStaff`. La línia divisòria sobre els pentagrames s’esborra usant `\hide`.

    \layout {
      \context {
        \Staff
        measureBarType = "-span|"
      }
    }

    music = \fixed c'' {
      c1
      d2 \section e2
      f1 \fine
    }

    \new StaffGroup <<
      \new Staff \music
      \new Staff \music
    >>

## Estils de silencis

Els silencis es poden imprimir en diferents estils.

    \new Staff \relative c {
      \omit Score.TimeSignature
      \cadenzaOn

      \override Staff.Rest.style = #'mensural
      r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { mensural }
      r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128
      \bar ""
      \break

      \override Staff.Rest.style = #'neomensural
      r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { neomensural }
      r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128
      \bar ""
      \break

      \override Staff.Rest.style = #'classical
      r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { classical }
      r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128
      \bar ""
      \break

      \override Staff.Rest.style = #'z
      r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { z-style }
      r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128
      \bar ""
      \break

      \override Staff.Rest.style = #'default
      r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { default }
      r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128
    }

## Using tags to produce mensural and modern music from the same source

Using tags, it is possible to produce both mensural and modern notation from the same music. In this snippet, a function `menrest` is introduced, allowing mensural rests to be pitched as in the original, but with modern rests in the standard staff position. Tags can also be used where other differences are needed: for example using “whole measure rests” (`R1`, `R\breve`, etc.) in modern music, but normal rests (`r1`, `r\breve`, etc.) in the mensural version. Converting mensural music to its modern equivalent is usually referred to as “transcription”.

    menrest = #(define-music-function (note)
      (ly:music?)
    #{
        \tag #'mens $(make-music 'RestEvent note)
        \tag #'mod $(make-music 'RestEvent note 'pitch '())
    #})

    MenStyle = {
      \autoBeamOff
      \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci
      \override Score.BarNumber.transparent = ##t
      \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up
    }

    finalis = \section

    Music = \relative c'' {
      \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
      \key f \major
      \time 4/4
      g1 d'2 \menrest bes4 bes2 a2 r4 g4 fis2.
      \finalis
    }

    MenLyr = \lyricmode { So farre, deere life, deare life }
    ModLyr = \lyricmode { So far, dear life, dear life }

    \score {
      \keepWithTag #'mens {
        <<
          \new MensuralStaff
          {
            \new MensuralVoice = Cantus
              \clef "mensural-c1" \MenStyle \Music
          }
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto Cantus \MenLyr
        >>
      }
    }

    \score {
      \keepWithTag #'mod {
        \new ChoirStaff <<
          \new Staff
          {
            \new Voice = Sop \with {
              \remove "Note_heads_engraver"
              \consists "Completion_heads_engraver"
              \remove "Rest_engraver"
              \consists "Completion_rest_engraver" }
            {
              \shiftDurations #1 #0 { \autoBeamOff \Music }
            }
          }
          \new Lyrics \lyricsto Sop \ModLyr
        >>
      }
    }

## Línia vertical com una articulació barroca

Aquesta línia curta vertical a sobre de la nota és d’ús comú en la música barroca. El seu significat varia, però en general indica notes que s’han de tocar amb més “pes”. L’exemple següent mostra com aconseguir aquesta notació.

    upline =
    \tweak stencil
      #(lambda (grob)
        (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup \draw-line #'(0 . 1) #}))
      \stopped

    \relative c' {
      a'4^\upline a( c d')_\upline
    }

#### LilyPond — Fragments v2.24.4 (branca estable).