.. _topics-media-pipeline:

===========================================
Downloading and processing files and images
===========================================

.. currentmodule:: scrapy.pipelines.images

Scrapy provides reusable :doc:`item pipelines </topics/item-pipeline>` for
downloading files attached to a particular item (for example, when you scrape
products and also want to download their images locally). These pipelines share
a bit of functionality and structure (we refer to them as media pipelines), but
typically you'll either use the Files Pipeline or the Images Pipeline.

Both pipelines implement these features:

* Avoid re-downloading media that was downloaded recently
* Specifying where to store the media (filesystem directory, FTP server, Amazon S3 bucket,
  Google Cloud Storage bucket)

The Images Pipeline has a few extra functions for processing images:

* Convert all downloaded images to a common format (JPG) and mode (RGB)
* Thumbnail generation
* Check images width/height to make sure they meet a minimum constraint

The pipelines also keep an internal queue of those media URLs which are currently
being scheduled for download, and connect those responses that arrive containing
the same media to that queue. This avoids downloading the same media more than
once when it's shared by several items.

Using the Files Pipeline
========================

The typical workflow, when using the :class:`FilesPipeline` goes like
this:

1. In a Spider, you scrape an item and put the URLs of the desired into a
   ``file_urls`` field.

2. The item is returned from the spider and goes to the item pipeline.

3. When the item reaches the :class:`FilesPipeline`, the URLs in the
   ``file_urls`` field are scheduled for download using the standard
   Scrapy scheduler and downloader (which means the scheduler and downloader
   middlewares are reused), but with a higher priority, processing them before other
   pages are scraped. The item remains "locked" at that particular pipeline stage
   until the files have finish downloading (or fail for some reason).

4. When the files are downloaded, another field (``files``) will be populated
   with the results. This field will contain a list of dicts with information
   about the downloaded files, such as the downloaded path, the original
   scraped url (taken from the ``file_urls`` field), the file checksum and the file status.
   The files in the list of the ``files`` field will retain the same order of
   the original ``file_urls`` field. If some file failed downloading, an
   error will be logged and the file won't be present in the ``files`` field.


.. _images-pipeline:

Using the Images Pipeline
=========================

Using the :class:`ImagesPipeline` is a lot like using the :class:`FilesPipeline`,
except the default field names used are different: you use ``image_urls`` for
the image URLs of an item and it will populate an ``images`` field for the information
about the downloaded images.

The advantage of using the :class:`ImagesPipeline` for image files is that you
can configure some extra functions like generating thumbnails and filtering
the images based on their size.

The Images Pipeline requires Pillow_ 8.3.2 or greater. It is used for
thumbnailing and normalizing images to JPEG/RGB format.

.. _Pillow: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow


.. _topics-media-pipeline-enabling:

Enabling your Media Pipeline
============================

.. setting:: IMAGES_STORE
.. setting:: FILES_STORE

To enable your media pipeline you must first add it to your project
:setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting.

For Images Pipeline, use:

.. code-block:: python

    ITEM_PIPELINES = {"scrapy.pipelines.images.ImagesPipeline": 1}

For Files Pipeline, use:

.. code-block:: python

    ITEM_PIPELINES = {"scrapy.pipelines.files.FilesPipeline": 1}

.. note::
    You can also use both the Files and Images Pipeline at the same time.


Then, configure the target storage setting to a valid value that will be used
for storing the downloaded images. Otherwise the pipeline will remain disabled,
even if you include it in the :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting.

For the Files Pipeline, set the :setting:`FILES_STORE` setting:

.. code-block:: python

   FILES_STORE = "/path/to/valid/dir"

For the Images Pipeline, set the :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` setting:

.. code-block:: python

   IMAGES_STORE = "/path/to/valid/dir"

.. _topics-file-naming:

File Naming
===========

Default File Naming
-------------------

By default, files are stored using an `SHA-1 hash`_ of their URLs for the file names.

For example, the following image URL::

    http://www.example.com/image.jpg

Whose ``SHA-1 hash`` is::

    3afec3b4765f8f0a07b78f98c07b83f013567a0a

Will be downloaded and stored using your chosen :ref:`storage method <topics-supported-storage>` and the following file name::

   3afec3b4765f8f0a07b78f98c07b83f013567a0a.jpg

Custom File Naming
-------------------

You may wish to use a different calculated file name for saved files.
For example, classifying an image by including meta in the file name.

Customize file names by overriding the ``file_path`` method of your
media pipeline.

For example, an image pipeline with image URL::

   http://www.example.com/product/images/large/front/0000000004166

Can be processed into a file name with a condensed hash and the perspective
``front``::

  00b08510e4_front.jpg

By overriding ``file_path`` like this:

.. code-block:: python

  import hashlib


  def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None, *, item=None):
      image_url_hash = hashlib.shake_256(request.url.encode()).hexdigest(5)
      image_perspective = request.url.split("/")[-2]
      image_filename = f"{image_url_hash}_{image_perspective}.jpg"

      return image_filename

.. warning::
  If your custom file name scheme relies on meta data that can vary between
  scrapes it may lead to unexpected re-downloading of existing media using
  new file names.

  For example, if your custom file name scheme uses a product title and the
  site changes an item's product title between scrapes, Scrapy will re-download
  the same media using updated file names.

For more information about the ``file_path`` method, see :ref:`topics-media-pipeline-override`.

.. _topics-supported-storage:

Supported Storage
=================

File system storage
-------------------

File system storage will save files to the following path::

   <IMAGES_STORE>/full/<FILE_NAME>

Where:

* ``<IMAGES_STORE>`` is the directory defined in :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` setting
  for the Images Pipeline.

* ``full`` is a sub-directory to separate full images from thumbnails (if
  used). For more info see :ref:`topics-images-thumbnails`.

* ``<FILE_NAME>`` is the file name assigned to the file.  For more info see :ref:`topics-file-naming`.


.. _media-pipeline-ftp:

FTP server storage
------------------

:setting:`FILES_STORE` and :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` can point to an FTP server.
Scrapy will automatically upload the files to the server.

:setting:`FILES_STORE` and :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` should be written in one of the
following forms::

    ftp://username:password@address:port/path
    ftp://address:port/path

If ``username`` and ``password`` are not provided, they are taken from the :setting:`FTP_USER` and
:setting:`FTP_PASSWORD` settings respectively.

FTP supports two different connection modes: active or passive. Scrapy uses
the passive connection mode by default. To use the active connection mode instead,
set the :setting:`FEED_STORAGE_FTP_ACTIVE` setting to ``True``.

.. _media-pipelines-s3:

Amazon S3 storage
-----------------

.. setting:: FILES_STORE_S3_ACL
.. setting:: IMAGES_STORE_S3_ACL

If botocore_ >= 1.13.45 is installed, :setting:`FILES_STORE` and
:setting:`IMAGES_STORE` can represent an Amazon S3 bucket. Scrapy will
automatically upload the files to the bucket.

For example, this is a valid :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` value:

.. code-block:: python

    IMAGES_STORE = "s3://bucket/images"

You can modify the Access Control List (ACL) policy used for the stored files,
which is defined by the :setting:`FILES_STORE_S3_ACL` and
:setting:`IMAGES_STORE_S3_ACL` settings. By default, the ACL is set to
``private``. To make the files publicly available use the ``public-read``
policy:

.. code-block:: python

    IMAGES_STORE_S3_ACL = "public-read"

For more information, see `canned ACLs`_ in the Amazon S3 Developer Guide.

You can also use other S3-like storages. Storages like self-hosted `Minio`_ or
`Zenko CloudServer`_. All you need to do is set endpoint option in you Scrapy
settings:

.. code-block:: python

    AWS_ENDPOINT_URL = "http://minio.example.com:9000"

For self-hosting you also might feel the need not to use SSL and not to verify SSL connection:

.. code-block:: python

    AWS_USE_SSL = False  # or True (None by default)
    AWS_VERIFY = False  # or True (None by default)

.. _botocore: https://github.com/boto/botocore
.. _canned ACLs: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
.. _Minio: https://github.com/minio/minio
.. _Zenko CloudServer: https://www.zenko.io/cloudserver/


.. _media-pipeline-gcs:

Google Cloud Storage
---------------------

.. setting:: FILES_STORE_GCS_ACL
.. setting:: IMAGES_STORE_GCS_ACL

:setting:`FILES_STORE` and :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` can represent a Google Cloud Storage
bucket. Scrapy will automatically upload the files to the bucket. (requires `google-cloud-storage`_ )

.. _google-cloud-storage: https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/reference/libraries#client-libraries-install-python

For example, these are valid :setting:`IMAGES_STORE` and :setting:`GCS_PROJECT_ID` settings:

.. code-block:: python

    IMAGES_STORE = "gs://bucket/images/"
    GCS_PROJECT_ID = "project_id"

For information about authentication, see this `documentation`_.

.. _documentation: https://docs.cloud.google.com/docs/authentication

You can modify the Access Control List (ACL) policy used for the stored files,
which is defined by the :setting:`FILES_STORE_GCS_ACL` and
:setting:`IMAGES_STORE_GCS_ACL` settings. By default, the ACL is set to
``''`` (empty string) which means that Cloud Storage applies the bucket's default object ACL to the object.
To make the files publicly available use the ``publicRead``
policy:

.. code-block:: python

    IMAGES_STORE_GCS_ACL = "publicRead"

For more information, see `Predefined ACLs`_ in the Google Cloud Platform Developer Guide.

.. _Predefined ACLs: https://docs.cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control/lists#predefined-acl

Usage example
=============

.. setting:: FILES_URLS_FIELD
.. setting:: FILES_RESULT_FIELD
.. setting:: IMAGES_URLS_FIELD
.. setting:: IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD

In order to use a media pipeline, first :ref:`enable it
<topics-media-pipeline-enabling>`.

Then, if a spider returns an :ref:`item object <topics-items>` with the URLs
field (``file_urls`` or ``image_urls``, for the Files or Images Pipeline
respectively), the pipeline will put the results under the respective field
(``files`` or ``images``).

When using :ref:`item types <item-types>` for which fields are defined beforehand,
you must define both the URLs field and the results field. For example, when
using the images pipeline, items must define both the ``image_urls`` and the
``images`` field. For instance, using the :class:`~scrapy.Item` class:

.. code-block:: python

    import scrapy


    class MyItem(scrapy.Item):
        # ... other item fields ...
        image_urls = scrapy.Field()
        images = scrapy.Field()

If you want to use another field name for the URLs key or for the results key,
it is also possible to override it.

For the Files Pipeline, set :setting:`FILES_URLS_FIELD` and/or
:setting:`FILES_RESULT_FIELD` settings:

.. code-block:: python

    FILES_URLS_FIELD = "field_name_for_your_files_urls"
    FILES_RESULT_FIELD = "field_name_for_your_processed_files"

For the Images Pipeline, set :setting:`IMAGES_URLS_FIELD` and/or
:setting:`IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD` settings:

.. code-block:: python

    IMAGES_URLS_FIELD = "field_name_for_your_images_urls"
    IMAGES_RESULT_FIELD = "field_name_for_your_processed_images"

If you need something more complex and want to override the custom pipeline
behaviour, see :ref:`topics-media-pipeline-override`.

If you have multiple image pipelines inheriting from ImagePipeline and you want
to have different settings in different pipelines you can set setting keys
preceded with uppercase name of your pipeline class. E.g. if your pipeline is
called MyPipeline and you want to have custom IMAGES_URLS_FIELD you define
setting MYPIPELINE_IMAGES_URLS_FIELD and your custom settings will be used.


Additional features
===================

.. _file-expiration:

File expiration
---------------

.. setting:: IMAGES_EXPIRES
.. setting:: FILES_EXPIRES

The Image Pipeline avoids downloading files that were downloaded recently. To
adjust this retention delay use the :setting:`FILES_EXPIRES` setting (or
:setting:`IMAGES_EXPIRES`, in case of Images Pipeline), which
specifies the delay in number of days:

.. code-block:: python

    # 120 days of delay for files expiration
    FILES_EXPIRES = 120

    # 30 days of delay for images expiration
    IMAGES_EXPIRES = 30

The default value for both settings is 90 days.

If you have pipeline that subclasses FilesPipeline and you'd like to have
different setting for it you can set setting keys preceded by uppercase
class name. E.g. given pipeline class called MyPipeline you can set setting key:

    MYPIPELINE_FILES_EXPIRES = 180

and pipeline class MyPipeline will have expiration time set to 180.

The last modified time from the file is used to determine the age of the file in days,
which is then compared to the set expiration time to determine if the file is expired.

.. _topics-images-thumbnails:

Thumbnail generation for images
-------------------------------

The Images Pipeline can automatically create thumbnails of the downloaded
images.

.. setting:: IMAGES_THUMBS

In order to use this feature, you must set :setting:`IMAGES_THUMBS` to a dictionary
where the keys are the thumbnail names and the values are their dimensions.

For example:

.. code-block:: python

   IMAGES_THUMBS = {
       "small": (50, 50),
       "big": (270, 270),
   }

When you use this feature, the Images Pipeline will create thumbnails of the
each specified size with this format::

    <IMAGES_STORE>/thumbs/<size_name>/<image_id>.jpg

Where:

* ``<size_name>`` is the one specified in the :setting:`IMAGES_THUMBS`
  dictionary keys (``small``, ``big``, etc)

* ``<image_id>`` is the `SHA-1 hash`_ of the image url

.. _SHA-1 hash: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA_hash_functions

Example of image files stored using ``small`` and ``big`` thumbnail names::

   <IMAGES_STORE>/full/63bbfea82b8880ed33cdb762aa11fab722a90a24.jpg
   <IMAGES_STORE>/thumbs/small/63bbfea82b8880ed33cdb762aa11fab722a90a24.jpg
   <IMAGES_STORE>/thumbs/big/63bbfea82b8880ed33cdb762aa11fab722a90a24.jpg

The first one is the full image, as downloaded from the site.

Filtering out small images
--------------------------

.. setting:: IMAGES_MIN_HEIGHT

.. setting:: IMAGES_MIN_WIDTH

When using the Images Pipeline, you can drop images which are too small, by
specifying the minimum allowed size in the :setting:`IMAGES_MIN_HEIGHT` and
:setting:`IMAGES_MIN_WIDTH` settings.

For example::

   IMAGES_MIN_HEIGHT = 110
   IMAGES_MIN_WIDTH = 110

.. note::
    The size constraints don't affect thumbnail generation at all.

It is possible to set just one size constraint or both. When setting both of
them, only images that satisfy both minimum sizes will be saved. For the
above example, images of sizes (105 x 105) or (105 x 200) or (200 x 105) will
all be dropped because at least one dimension is shorter than the constraint.

By default, there are no size constraints, so all images are processed.

Allowing redirections
---------------------

.. setting:: MEDIA_ALLOW_REDIRECTS

By default media pipelines ignore redirects, i.e. an HTTP redirection
to a media file URL request will mean the media download is considered failed.

To handle media redirections, set this setting to ``True``::

    MEDIA_ALLOW_REDIRECTS = True

.. _topics-media-pipeline-override:

Extending the Media Pipelines
=============================

.. module:: scrapy.pipelines.files
   :synopsis: Files Pipeline

See here the methods that you can override in your custom Files Pipeline:

.. class:: FilesPipeline

   .. method:: file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None, *, item=None)

      This method is called once per downloaded item. It returns the
      download path of the file originating from the specified
      :class:`response <scrapy.http.Response>`.

      In addition to ``response``, this method receives the original
      :class:`request <scrapy.Request>`,
      :class:`info <scrapy.pipelines.media.MediaPipeline.SpiderInfo>` and
      :class:`item <scrapy.Item>`

      You can override this method to customize the download path of each file.

      For example, if file URLs end like regular paths (e.g.
      ``https://example.com/a/b/c/foo.png``), you can use the following
      approach to download all files into the ``files`` folder with their
      original filenames (e.g. ``files/foo.png``):

      .. code-block:: python

        from pathlib import PurePosixPath
        from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached

        from scrapy.pipelines.files import FilesPipeline


        class MyFilesPipeline(FilesPipeline):
            def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None, *, item=None):
                return "files/" + PurePosixPath(urlparse_cached(request).path).name

      Similarly, you can use the ``item`` to determine the file path based on some item
      property.

      By default the :meth:`file_path` method returns
      ``full/<request URL hash>.<extension>``.

   .. method:: FilesPipeline.get_media_requests(item, info)

      As seen on the workflow, the pipeline will get the URLs of the images to
      download from the item. In order to do this, you can override the
      :meth:`~get_media_requests` method and return a Request for each
      file URL:

      .. code-block:: python

         from itemadapter import ItemAdapter


         def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
             adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
             for file_url in adapter["file_urls"]:
                 yield scrapy.Request(file_url)

      Those requests will be processed by the pipeline and, when they have finished
      downloading, the results will be sent to the
      :meth:`~item_completed` method, as a list of 2-element tuples.
      Each tuple will contain ``(success, file_info_or_error)`` where:

      * ``success`` is a boolean which is ``True`` if the image was downloaded
        successfully or ``False`` if it failed for some reason

      * ``file_info_or_error`` is a dict containing the following keys (if
        success is ``True``) or a :exc:`~twisted.python.failure.Failure` if
        there was a problem.

        * ``url`` - the url where the file was downloaded from. This is the url of
          the request returned from the :meth:`~get_media_requests`
          method.

        * ``path`` - the path (relative to :setting:`FILES_STORE`) where the file
          was stored

        * ``checksum`` - a `MD5 hash`_ of the image contents

        * ``status`` - the file status indication.

          It can be one of the following:

          * ``downloaded`` - file was downloaded.
          * ``uptodate`` - file was not downloaded, as it was downloaded recently,
            according to the file expiration policy.
          * ``cached`` - file was already scheduled for download, by another item
            sharing the same file.

      The list of tuples received by :meth:`~item_completed` is
      guaranteed to retain the same order of the requests returned from the
      :meth:`~get_media_requests` method.

      Here's a typical value of the ``results`` argument:

      .. invisible-code-block: python

          from twisted.python.failure import Failure

      .. code-block:: python

          [
              (
                  True,
                  {
                      "checksum": "2b00042f7481c7b056c4b410d28f33cf",
                      "path": "full/0a79c461a4062ac383dc4fade7bc09f1384a3910.jpg",
                      "url": "http://www.example.com/files/product1.pdf",
                      "status": "downloaded",
                  },
              ),
              (False, Failure(...)),
          ]

      By default the :meth:`get_media_requests` method returns ``None`` which
      means there are no files to download for the item.

   .. method:: FilesPipeline.item_completed(results, item, info)

      The :meth:`FilesPipeline.item_completed` method called when all file
      requests for a single item have completed (either finished downloading, or
      failed for some reason).

      The :meth:`~item_completed` method must return the
      output that will be sent to subsequent item pipeline stages, so you must
      return (or drop) the item, as you would in any pipeline.

      Here is an example of the :meth:`~item_completed` method where we
      store the downloaded file paths (passed in results) in the ``file_paths``
      item field, and we drop the item if it doesn't contain any files:

      .. code-block:: python

          from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
          from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem


          def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
              file_paths = [x["path"] for ok, x in results if ok]
              if not file_paths:
                  raise DropItem("Item contains no files")
              adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
              adapter["file_paths"] = file_paths
              return item

      By default, the :meth:`item_completed` method returns the item.


.. module:: scrapy.pipelines.images
   :synopsis: Images Pipeline

See here the methods that you can override in your custom Images Pipeline:

.. class:: ImagesPipeline

    The :class:`ImagesPipeline` is an extension of the :class:`FilesPipeline`,
    customizing the field names and adding custom behavior for images.

   .. method:: file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None, *, item=None)

      This method is called once per downloaded item. It returns the
      download path of the file originating from the specified
      :class:`response <scrapy.http.Response>`.

      In addition to ``response``, this method receives the original
      :class:`request <scrapy.Request>`,
      :class:`info <scrapy.pipelines.media.MediaPipeline.SpiderInfo>` and
      :class:`item <scrapy.Item>`

      You can override this method to customize the download path of each file.

      For example, if file URLs end like regular paths (e.g.
      ``https://example.com/a/b/c/foo.png``), you can use the following
      approach to download all files into the ``files`` folder with their
      original filenames (e.g. ``files/foo.png``):

      .. code-block:: python

        from pathlib import PurePosixPath
        from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached

        from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline


        class MyImagesPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
            def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None, *, item=None):
                return "files/" + PurePosixPath(urlparse_cached(request).path).name

      Similarly, you can use the ``item`` to determine the file path based on some item
      property.

      By default the :meth:`file_path` method returns
      ``full/<request URL hash>.<extension>``.

   .. method:: ImagesPipeline.thumb_path(self, request, thumb_id, response=None, info=None, *, item=None)

      This method is called for every item of  :setting:`IMAGES_THUMBS` per downloaded item. It returns the
      thumbnail download path of the image originating from the specified
      :class:`response <scrapy.http.Response>`.

      In addition to ``response``, this method receives the original
      :class:`request <scrapy.Request>`,
      ``thumb_id``,
      :class:`info <scrapy.pipelines.media.MediaPipeline.SpiderInfo>` and
      :class:`item <scrapy.Item>`.

      You can override this method to customize the thumbnail download path of each image.
      You can use the ``item`` to determine the file path based on some item
      property.

      By default the :meth:`thumb_path` method returns
      ``thumbs/<size name>/<request URL hash>.<extension>``.


   .. method:: ImagesPipeline.get_media_requests(item, info)

      Works the same way as :meth:`FilesPipeline.get_media_requests` method,
      but using a different field name for image urls.

      Must return a Request for each image URL.

   .. method:: ImagesPipeline.item_completed(results, item, info)

      The :meth:`ImagesPipeline.item_completed` method is called when all image
      requests for a single item have completed (either finished downloading, or
      failed for some reason).

      Works the same way as :meth:`FilesPipeline.item_completed` method,
      but using a different field names for storing image downloading results.

      By default, the :meth:`item_completed` method returns the item.


.. _media-pipeline-example:

Custom Images pipeline example
==============================

Here is a full example of the Images Pipeline whose methods are exemplified
above:

.. code-block:: python

    import scrapy
    from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
    from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
    from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline


    class MyImagesPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
        def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
            for image_url in item["image_urls"]:
                yield scrapy.Request(image_url)

        def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
            image_paths = [x["path"] for ok, x in results if ok]
            if not image_paths:
                raise DropItem("Item contains no images")
            adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
            adapter["image_paths"] = image_paths
            return item


To enable your custom media pipeline component you must add its class import path to the
:setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting, like in the following example:

.. code-block:: python

   ITEM_PIPELINES = {"myproject.pipelines.MyImagesPipeline": 300}

.. _MD5 hash: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5
